Development of the Obesity Nutraceutical from Raja and Kepok Banana Peels
Keywords:
active compound, nutraceutical, obesity, raja and kepok banana peels
Abstract
Patients with obesity often fail to control their body weight through diet and physical activity, while the existing anti-obesity drugs have some side effects for long-term use. Banana is Indonesia's tropical fruits with the highest production, and the banana peel has become soil waste. This study aimed to analyze nutrients and active compounds of methanol extracts of raja and kepok banana peels (ERP and EKP respectively). Macro and micro-nutrient compositions of the ERP and EKP were determined using the proximate analysis, while Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to detect the ERP and EKP active compounds. The ERP contained 0.11% crude fibers, 4.44% fat, and 58.08% carbohydrates, different from the EKP (4.25% protein, 20.95% water, and 14.45% minerals). By contrast, both the ERP and EKP contained flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. In conclusion, ERP is potentially developed as a nutraceutical for obesity treatment in the future. Further study is needed to measure specific fat levels and to analyze specific active compounds in the ERP which can modulate gene expression and interact with protein targets in lipid metabolism.
References
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Khawas, P., & Deka, S. C. (2016). Comparative Nutritional, Functional, Morphological, and Diffractogram Study on Culinary Banana (Musa ABB) Peel at Various Stages of Development. International Journal of Food Properties, 19(12), 2832–2853. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1141296
Lin, X., & Li, H. (2021). Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12(September), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.706978
Lobstein, T., Jackson-leach, R., Powis, J., Brinsden, H., & Gray, M. (2023). World Obesity Atlas 2023. World Obesity Federation. https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/?cat=19
Manzoor, F., Nisa, M. U., Hussain, H. A., Khan, M. K., Ahmad, R. S., Ahmad, N., Imran, M., & Umbreen, H. (2021). Effect of hydrolysable tannin on nutrient intake obesity and other associated metabolic risk factors in polycystic rats. Translational Medicine Communications, 10, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41231-021-00089-y
Marrelli, M., Conforti, F., Araniti, F., & Statti, G. A. (2016). Effects of saponins on lipid metabolism: A review of potential health benefits in the treatment of obesity. Molecules, 21(1404), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21101404
Maulana, I. C. (2018). Pengolahan Tepung Limbah Kulit Pisang Raja Sebagai Bahan Alternatif Pengganti Tepung Terigu Dalam Proses Pembuatan Mi. Fkip Uns.
Mustofa, S., Utama, R. A. N. A., Syachrani, F., Rosti, N. Y., & Lenka, P. R. (2021). Efek Antidislipidemia Ekstrak Kulit Pisang Kepok Lampung ( Musa paradisiaca L ) Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total dan Trigleserida Tikus Putih Dengan Diet Tinggi Lemak Antidyslipidemic Effects of Kepok Banana Peel Extract ( Musa paradisiaca L ) Against Tota. Jurnal Kedokteran Universitas Lampung, 5(1), 35–44.
Nour, T. Y., & Altintaş, K. H. (2023). Effect of the COVID ‑ 19 pandemic on obesity and it is risk factors : a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 23(1018), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15833-2
Oyeyinka, B. O., & Afolayan, A. J. (2019). Comparative evaluation of the nutritive, mineral, and antinutritive composition of musa sinensis l. (banana) and musa paradisiaca l. (plantain) fruit compartments. Plants, 8(598), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120598
Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: An overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5(e47), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
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Romelle, F. D., P., A. R., & Manohar, R. S. (2016). Chemical Composition of Some Selected Fruit Peels. European Journal of Food Science and Technology, 4(4), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61836-X
Ruban, A., Stoenchev, K., Ashrafian, H., & Teare, J. (2019). Current treatments for obesity Authors: Clinical Medicine, 19(3), 205–212. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6542229/pdf/clinmed-19-3-205.pdf
Rufino, A. T., Costa, V. M., Carvalho, F., & Fernandes, E. (2021). Flavonoids as antiobesity agents: A review. Medicinal Research Reviews, 41(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21740
Samiasih, A., Subagio, W. H., Dharmana, Susanto, H., Sadhana, U., Sunoko, H. R., & Santosa, B. (2019). Banana peels extract (Musa Paradisiaca Var Kepok) decreased MDA in New Zealand White Rabbit with DM hyperlipidemia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 292(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/292/1/012008
Sharma T, & Kanwar SS. (2018). Phytomolecules for Obesity and Body Weight Management. Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 1(1), 1–8.
Song, D., Cheng, L., Zhang, X., Wu, Z., & Zheng, X. (2019). The modulatory effect and the mechanism of flavonoids on obesity. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(8), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12954
Tambun, R., Alexander, V., & Ginting, Y. (2021). Performance comparison of maceration method, soxhletation method, and microwave-assisted extraction in extracting active compounds from soursop leaves (Annona muricata): A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1122(1), 012095. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1122/1/012095
Tchang, B. G., Saunders, K. H., & Igel, L. I. (2021). Best Practices in the Management of Overweight and Obesity. Medical Clinics of North America, 105(1), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2020.08.018
Yan, L., Fernando, W. M. A. D. B., Brennan, M., Brennan, C. S., Jayasena, V., & Coorey, R. (2016). Effect of extraction method and ripening stage on banana peel pigments. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51, 1449–1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13115
Zaini, H., Roslan, J., Saallah, S., Munsu, E., Sulaiman, N. S., & Pindi, W. (2022). Banana peels as a bioactive ingredient and its potential application in the food industry. Journal of Functional Foods, 92(105054), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.105054
Zhang, Q. W., Lin, L. G., & Ye, W. C. (2018). Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: A comprehensive review. Chinese Medicine (United Kingdom), 13(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
Zou, F., Tan, C., Zhang, B., & Shang, N. (2022). The Valorization of Banana By-Products: Nutritional and Future Development. Foods, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203170
Abubakar, A., & Haque, M. (2020). Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS
Acevedo, S. A., Carrillo, A. J. D., Lopez, E. F., & Grande-Tovar, C. D. (2021). Recovery of Banana Waste-Loss from Production and Processing: A Contribution to a Circular Economy. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(17), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175282
Azwanida. (2015). A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 04(03), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000196
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Produksi Tanaman Buah-buahan 2021. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/55/62/1/produksi-tanaman-buah-buahan.html
Bagabaldo, P. A. A., Atienza, L. M., Castillo-Israel, K. A. T., Estacio, M. A. C., Gaban, P. J. V., Maniwang, J. R. C., Gapasin, R. P., Estribillo, A. G. M., & Cena-Navarro, R. B. (2022). ‘Saba’ banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana BBB Group) peel pectin supplementation improves biomarkers of obesity and associated blood lipid disorders in obese hypercholesterolemic mice. Current Research in Food Science, 5, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2022.01.016
Bogoriani, N. W., Laksmiwati, A. A. I. M., Putra, A. A. B., Heltyani, W. E., Lestari, K. D. P., & Mahayani, P. A. E. (2019). Saponins role of Bali Andong leaf as antiobesity in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(2), 382–389. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2019.11.02.052
Borges, C. V., Maraschin, M., Coelho, D. S., Leonel, M., Gomez, H. A. G., Belin, M. A. F., Diamante, M. S., Amorim, E. P., Gianeti, T., Castro, G. R., & Lima, G. P. P. (2020). Nutritional value and antioxidant compounds during the ripening and after domestic cooking of bananas and plantains. Food Research International, 132(109061), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109061
Chu, N., Chan, T. Y., Chu, Y. K., Ling, J., He, J., Leung, K., Ma, R. C. W., Chan, J. C. N., & Chow, E. (2023). Higher dietary magnesium and potassium intake are associated with lower body fat in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1169705
Ekström, S., Andersson, N., Kull, I., Georgelis, A., Ljungman, P. L. S., Melen, E., & Bergstrom, A. (2023). Changes in lifestyle, adiposity, and cardiometabolic markers among young adults in Sweden during the COVID‑19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 23(1026), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15998-w
Hasnaeni, Wisdawati, & Usman, S. (2019). Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Rendemen Dan Kadar Fenolik Ekstrak Tanaman Kayu Beta-Beta (Lunasia amara Blanco). Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 5(2), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2019.v5.i2.13149
Huang, L., Li, D., Xu, Y. S., Feng, Z. L., Meng, F. C., Zhang, Q. W., Gan, L. S., & Lin, L. G. (2017). Clausoxamine, an alkaloid possessing a 1,3-oxazine-4-one ring from the seeds of: Clausena lansium and the anti-obesity effect of lansiumamide B. RSC Advances, 7, 46900–46905. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09793j
Johnstone, A. M., Kelly, J., Ryan, S., Romero-Gonzalez, R., McKinnon, H., Fyfe, C., Naslund, E., Lopez-Nicolas, R., Bosscher, D., Bonnema, A., Frontela-Saseta, C., Ros-Berruezo, G., Horgan, G., Ze, X., Harrold, J., Halford, J., Gratz, S. W., Duncan, S. H., Shirazi-Beechey, S., & Flint, H. J. (2020). Nondigestible Carbohydrates Affect Metabolic Health and Gut Microbiota in Overweight Adults after Weight Loss. The Journal of Nutrition: Nutrient Requirements and OPtimal Nutrition, 150(7), 1859–1870. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa124
Khawas, P., & Deka, S. C. (2016). Comparative Nutritional, Functional, Morphological, and Diffractogram Study on Culinary Banana (Musa ABB) Peel at Various Stages of Development. International Journal of Food Properties, 19(12), 2832–2853. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1141296
Lin, X., & Li, H. (2021). Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12(September), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.706978
Lobstein, T., Jackson-leach, R., Powis, J., Brinsden, H., & Gray, M. (2023). World Obesity Atlas 2023. World Obesity Federation. https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/?cat=19
Manzoor, F., Nisa, M. U., Hussain, H. A., Khan, M. K., Ahmad, R. S., Ahmad, N., Imran, M., & Umbreen, H. (2021). Effect of hydrolysable tannin on nutrient intake obesity and other associated metabolic risk factors in polycystic rats. Translational Medicine Communications, 10, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41231-021-00089-y
Marrelli, M., Conforti, F., Araniti, F., & Statti, G. A. (2016). Effects of saponins on lipid metabolism: A review of potential health benefits in the treatment of obesity. Molecules, 21(1404), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21101404
Maulana, I. C. (2018). Pengolahan Tepung Limbah Kulit Pisang Raja Sebagai Bahan Alternatif Pengganti Tepung Terigu Dalam Proses Pembuatan Mi. Fkip Uns.
Mustofa, S., Utama, R. A. N. A., Syachrani, F., Rosti, N. Y., & Lenka, P. R. (2021). Efek Antidislipidemia Ekstrak Kulit Pisang Kepok Lampung ( Musa paradisiaca L ) Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total dan Trigleserida Tikus Putih Dengan Diet Tinggi Lemak Antidyslipidemic Effects of Kepok Banana Peel Extract ( Musa paradisiaca L ) Against Tota. Jurnal Kedokteran Universitas Lampung, 5(1), 35–44.
Nour, T. Y., & Altintaş, K. H. (2023). Effect of the COVID ‑ 19 pandemic on obesity and it is risk factors : a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 23(1018), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15833-2
Oyeyinka, B. O., & Afolayan, A. J. (2019). Comparative evaluation of the nutritive, mineral, and antinutritive composition of musa sinensis l. (banana) and musa paradisiaca l. (plantain) fruit compartments. Plants, 8(598), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120598
Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: An overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5(e47), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
Poerba, Y. S., Martanti, D., Handayani, T., Herlina, & Witjaksono. (2016). Katalog Pisang - Koleksi Kebun Plasma Nutfah Pisang Pusat Penelitian Biologi Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. In Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. LIPI Press.
Reynolds, A. N., Akerman, A. P., & Mann, J. (2020). Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: Systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS Medicine, 17(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003053
Romelle, F. D., P., A. R., & Manohar, R. S. (2016). Chemical Composition of Some Selected Fruit Peels. European Journal of Food Science and Technology, 4(4), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61836-X
Ruban, A., Stoenchev, K., Ashrafian, H., & Teare, J. (2019). Current treatments for obesity Authors: Clinical Medicine, 19(3), 205–212. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6542229/pdf/clinmed-19-3-205.pdf
Rufino, A. T., Costa, V. M., Carvalho, F., & Fernandes, E. (2021). Flavonoids as antiobesity agents: A review. Medicinal Research Reviews, 41(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21740
Samiasih, A., Subagio, W. H., Dharmana, Susanto, H., Sadhana, U., Sunoko, H. R., & Santosa, B. (2019). Banana peels extract (Musa Paradisiaca Var Kepok) decreased MDA in New Zealand White Rabbit with DM hyperlipidemia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 292(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/292/1/012008
Sharma T, & Kanwar SS. (2018). Phytomolecules for Obesity and Body Weight Management. Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 1(1), 1–8.
Song, D., Cheng, L., Zhang, X., Wu, Z., & Zheng, X. (2019). The modulatory effect and the mechanism of flavonoids on obesity. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(8), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12954
Tambun, R., Alexander, V., & Ginting, Y. (2021). Performance comparison of maceration method, soxhletation method, and microwave-assisted extraction in extracting active compounds from soursop leaves (Annona muricata): A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1122(1), 012095. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1122/1/012095
Tchang, B. G., Saunders, K. H., & Igel, L. I. (2021). Best Practices in the Management of Overweight and Obesity. Medical Clinics of North America, 105(1), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2020.08.018
Yan, L., Fernando, W. M. A. D. B., Brennan, M., Brennan, C. S., Jayasena, V., & Coorey, R. (2016). Effect of extraction method and ripening stage on banana peel pigments. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51, 1449–1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13115
Zaini, H., Roslan, J., Saallah, S., Munsu, E., Sulaiman, N. S., & Pindi, W. (2022). Banana peels as a bioactive ingredient and its potential application in the food industry. Journal of Functional Foods, 92(105054), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.105054
Zhang, Q. W., Lin, L. G., & Ye, W. C. (2018). Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: A comprehensive review. Chinese Medicine (United Kingdom), 13(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
Zou, F., Tan, C., Zhang, B., & Shang, N. (2022). The Valorization of Banana By-Products: Nutritional and Future Development. Foods, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203170
Published
2023-06-19
How to Cite
Devina, K., Indarto, D., & Susilawati, T. (2023). Development of the Obesity Nutraceutical from Raja and Kepok Banana Peels. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nursing and Health Sciences, 4(1), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.37287/picnhs.v4i1.1817
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Articles
