The Relationship between Smoking and Physical Activity with Cognitive Impairment among the Elderly
Abstract
The rising number of elderly individuals presents challenges, especially concerning their health and well-being. Without proper intervention, these issues can escalate into more complex problems, including cognitive impairment. To minimize the risk of cognitive impairment that can lead to dementia, it's crucial to reduce risk factors like quitting smoking and engaging in regular physical activity. This study aimed to explore the relationship between smoking, physical activity, and cognitive impairment in the elderly. A retrospective research method was employed, utilizing simple random sampling. The study included 142 elderly participants who met the inclusion criteria. To assess cognitive levels, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used. This instrument demonstrated strong validity and reliability, with a Cronbach's Alpha of α=0.827. For measuring physical activity, the Physical Activities Scale For the Elderly (PASE) instrument was utilized, also showing good validity and reliability with a Cronbach's Alpha of α=0.768. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square statistical test, which revealed a significant relationship between smoking, physical activity, and cognitive impairment in the elderly (p < 0.05). The research findings indicated that the majority of respondents (57.04%) experienced mild cognitive impairment. Additionally, 54.23% of respondents had a history of smoking, and 65.49% exhibited poor physical activity.
References
Afconneri, Y., Herawati, N., & Deswita, D. (2024). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Risiko Demensia Pada Lansia. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa (JKJ), 12(1), 177–186.
Ariestya, T. P., Lestari, A., & Irianto, G. (2021). Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Kejadian Demensia Bandar Surabaya Lampung Tengah Tahun 2021. Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan IMELDA, 8(2), 155–164. http://jurnal.uimedan.ac.id/index.php/JURNAL KEPERAWATAN
astiti, Anasya Marella Al-Janera Putri dan dr. Holipah, Ph.D. dan dr. Asri Maharani, MMRS., P. D. (2024). Hubungan Kebiasaan Merokok dengan Penurunan Kognitif pada Lansia di Indonesia berdasarkan Survei Kehidupan Keluarga Indonesia. Universitas Brawijaya.
Binti Ambohamsah, I., & Lady Sia, N. (2020). Gambaran Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lanjut Usia Didesa Buku Kecamatan Mapilli Kabupaten Polewali Mandar. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Diagnosis, 15(Ramadian), 2302–2531.
Cahyaningrum, E. D. (2022). Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Fungsi Kognitif Lansia. Jurnal Surya Muda, 4(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.38102/jsm.v4i1.111
Dhana, K., Evans, D. A., Rajan, K. B., Bennett, D. A., & Morris, M. C. (2020). Healthy lifestyle and the risk of Alzheimer dementia: Findings from 2 longitudinal studies. Neurology, 95(4), E374–E383. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009816
Dinas Kesehatan Kota Padang. (2024). Profil kesehatan kota padang tahun 2023 edisi 2024. In buku laporan tahunan (Vol. 11, Issue 1).
Hasibuan RK, R. (2021). Gambaran gangguan kognitif pada lansia dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya di Kecamatan Kayangan Kabupaten Lombok Utara Nusa Tenggara Barat. Tarumanagara Med J. https://doi.org/10.24912/tmj.v4i1.13731
Ismuji Wijayanti, Dini Hariyani Sandi, Ari Pusparini, Nurul Haslinda, Hilda Syifa Rahma, H., & Suyono. (2024). Menjaga Ingatan Lansia: Studi Kasus Penurunan Fungsi Kognitif pada Lansia di Sompok Sriharjo Bantul untuk Pengembangan Rancangan Intervensi Berbasis Komunitas. Universitas Ahmad Dahlan.
Jeong, S. M., Park, J., Han, K., Yoo, J., Yoo, J. E., Lee, C. M., Jung, W., Lee, J., Kim, S. Y., & Shin, D. W. (2023). Association of Changes in Smoking Intensity with Risk of Dementia in Korea. JAMA Network Open, 6(1), E2251506. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51506
Johnson, A. L. (2021). Cigarette Smoking Status, Cigarette Exposure, and Duration of Abstinence Predicting Incident Dementia and Death: A Multistate Model Approach. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201332
Kumar, M., Srivastava, S., & Muhammad, T. (2022). Relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning among older Indian adults. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06725-3
Mardiana, K., & Sugiharto. (2022). Gambaran Fungsi Kognitif Berdasarkan Karakteristik Lansia Yang Tinggal Di Komunitas. Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan (Scientific Journal of Nursing), 8(4), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.33023/jikep.v8i4.1283
Mukadam, N., Wolters, F. J., Walsh, S., Wallace, L., Brayne, C., Matthews, F. E., Sacuiu, S., Skoog, I., Seshadri, S., Beiser, A., Ghosh, S., & Livingston, G. (2024). Changes in prevalence and incidence of dementia and risk factors for dementia: an analysis from cohort studies. The Lancet Public Health, 9(7), e443–e460. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00120-8
Nichols, E., Steinmetz, J. D., Vollset, S. E., Fukutaki, K., Chalek, J., Abd-Allah, F., Abdoli, A., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Akram, T. T., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F. M., Alipour, V., Almustanyir, S., Amu, H., Ansari, I., Arabloo, J., Ashraf, T., … Vos, T. (2022). Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Public Health, 7(2), e105–e125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8
Okvitasari, Y., Kliviana, O., & Hamidah, W. (2024). Pengkajian Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) pada lasnia di Mushollah Al-Anshor RT 15. 03(01), 31–36.
Prahasasgita, M. S., & Lestari, M. D. (2023). Stimulasi Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lanjut Usia Di Indonesia: Tinjauan Literatur. Buletin Psikologi, 31(2), 247. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.80371
Putri, A. R., & Lumbantobing, L. A. (2024). Gangguan Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lansia Dengan Hipertensi Di Kelurahan Karang Tengah Tangerang. 30(1), 1–9.
Ramli, R., & Masyita Nurul Fadhillah. (2022). Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lansia. Window of Nursing Journal, 01(01), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.33096/won.v1i1.246
Ranson, J. M., Rittman, T., Hayat, S., Brayne, C., Jessen, F., Blennow, K., van Duijn, C., Barkhof, F., Tang, E., Mummery, C. J., Stephan, B. C. M., Altomare, D., Frisoni, G. B., Ribaldi, F., Molinuevo, J. L., Scheltens, P., Llewellyn, D. J., Abramowicz, M., Berthier, M., … Visser, L. (2021). Modifiable risk factors for dementia and dementia risk profiling. A user manual for Brain Health Services—part 2 of 6. Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-021-00895-4
Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Risiko Demensia Pada Lansia Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rawang Kota Padang, (2024). universitas andalas
Rawis, G. I., Ratag, B. T., Kalesaran, A. F. C., Kesehatan, F., Universitas, M., & Ratulangi, S. (2019). Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik Dan Kebiasaan Merokok Dengan Gangguan Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lansia Di Desa Tondegesan Kecamatan Kawangkoan Kabupaten Minahasa. Jurnal Kesmas, 8(7), 186–192. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/kesmas/article/view/26588
Riasari, N. S., Djannah, D., Wirastuti, K., & Silviana, M. (2022). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penurunan Fungsi Kognitif pada Pasien Prolanis Klinik Pratama Arjuna Semarang. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 6, 3049–3056. https://jptam.org/index.php/jptam/article/view/3345%0Ahttps://jptam.org/index.php/jptam/article/download/3345/2847
Ruttama Hutahuruk, Nora Ervina Sembiring, A. S. (2020). Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lansia Di Desa Paran-Padang Kecamatan Sipirok Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan. Jurnal Penelitian Keperawatan Medik, 3(1), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.36656/jpkm.v3i1.342
Sa’diah, H., Irawan, A., Latifah, L., & Nito, P. J. B. (2024). Hubungan Fungsi Kognitif terhadap Interaksi Sosial pada Lansia. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa, 12(3), 559–568.
Sari, L. K., & Hilmi, I. L. (2022). Peningkatan demensia melalui rokok: literature review. Farmasetis, 11(3), 195–200. http://journal2.stikeskendal.ac.id/index.php/far/article/view/494/432
Situmorang, H. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Demensia Di Puskesmas Gunting Saga Kec. Kualuh Selatan Kab. Labuhan Batu Utara. Jurnal Online Keperawatan Indonesia, 3(2), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.51544/keperawatan.v3i2.1346
Sopyanti, Y. D., Sari, C. W. M., & Sumarni, N. (2019). Gambaran Status Demensia Dan Depresi Pada Lansia Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Guntur Kelurahan Sukamentri Garut. Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif (Comprehensive Nursing Journal), 5(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.33755/jkk.v5i1.125
Study, O., & Kim, M. Y. (2022). patients with Alzheimer ’ s disease. 42(September).
Ward, D. D., Ranson, J. M., Wallace, L. M. K., Llewellyn, D. J., & Rockwood, K. (2022). Frailty, lifestyle, genetics and dementia risk. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 93(4), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-327396
WHO. (2021). World Health Organization. Global Dementia Observatory (GDO). https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/global-dementia-observatory-gdo/policy-and-legislation
Wijaya, D. A., & Tadjudin, N. S. (2020). Hubungan merokok dengan fungsi kognitif pada lansia di Panti Sosial Tresna Wreda Budhi Mulia 2 Jakarta Barat. Tarumanagara Medical Journal, 2(1), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.24912/tmj.v2i2.7834
Yamasaki, T. (2023). Preventive Strategies for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: Benefits of Aerobic Physical Activity, Especially Open-Skill Exercise. Brain Sciences, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13030521
Yoon, M., Yang, P. S., Jin, M. N., Yu, H. T., Kim, T. H., Jang, E., Uhm, J. S., Pak, H. N., Lee, M. H., & Joung, B. (2021). Association of Physical Activity Level with Risk of Dementia in a Nationwide Cohort in Korea. JAMA Network Open, 4(12), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.38526
Zhu, J., Ge, F., Zeng, Y., Qu, Y., Chen, W., Yang, H., Yang, L., Fang, F., & Song, H. (2022). Physical and Mental Activity, Disease Susceptibility, and Risk of Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on UK Biobank. Neurology, 99(8), E799–E813. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200701.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
