The Relationship between Household Food Security and Stunting Incidence in Toddlers
Abstract
Stunting among children under five years old (toddler) is a fundamental challenge that must be addressed. This is due to the nutritional status of children in the first five years of life is related to cognitive development and the prevention of chronic diseases later in life. Given the high prevalence of stunting across various regions, it is necessary to conduct research to identify factors associated with stunting. Food security is one of the factors contributing to stunting based on the WHO framework. This study aimed to examine the relationship between household food security and the incidence of stunting. This study used a cohort design with retrospective approach. The retrospective method used in this approach involves first measuring stunting in children under five years old, then tracing back their household food security history to determine whether there are factors influencing the incidence of stunting. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, and the sample size was determined using the Slovin formula, resulting in a total of 123 mothers with stunted toddlers. Chi-square analysis was used for data analysis. The chi-square test showed a p-value of 0.010. This study found a significant relationship between household food security and the incidence of stunting.
References
Abdillah, S. (2022). The Effect of Maternal and Child Factors on Stunting in Children Under Five Years in Rural Indonesia. Knowledge E, 813–822. https://doi.org/10.18502//kls.v7i2.10382
Afework, E., Mengesha, S., & Wachamo, D. (2021). Stunting and Associated Factors among Under-Five-Age Children in West Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8890725
Amaha, N. D., & Woldeamanuel, B. T. (2021). Maternal factors associated with moderate and severe stunting in Ethiopian children: analysis of some environmental factors based on 2016 demographic health survey. Nutrition Journal, 20(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00677-6
Anastasia, H., Hadju, V., Hartono, R., Manjilala3, S., Sirajuddin, Salam, A., & Atmarita. (2023). Determinants of stunting in children under five years old in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province: 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey. PLoS ONE, 18(5 May), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281962
Argaw, T. L., Fledderjohann, J., Aurino, E., & Vellakkal, S. (2023). Children’s Educational Outcomes and Persistence and Severity of Household Food Insecurity in India: Longitudinal Evidence from Young Lives. Journal of Nutrition, 153(4), 1101–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.008
Ashari, C. R., Khomsan, A., & Baliwati, Y. F. (2019). Validasi Hfias (Household Food Insecurity Access Scale) Dalam Mengukur Ketahanan Pangan: Kasus Pada Rumah Tangga Perkotaan Dan Perdesaan Di Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian Gizi Dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research), 42(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.22435/pgm.v42i1.2417
Asna, A. F., Ramadhanty, P. D., & Fadhilah, T. M. (2022). The Association between Household Food Security with Stunting Incidence in Children Aged 6-23 Months in Sukaluyu and Srikamulyan Village Karawang Regency. Icsdh 2021, 43–47. https://doi.org/10.5220/0010758300003235
Asnakew, T., Abuye, C., & Taye, H. (2021). Effect of maternal employment on the nutritional status of infants and children 6 to 23 months of age in Kolfe-Keraniyo Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop. j. Public Health Nutr., 4(1), 64–72. https://ejphn.ephi.gov.et/index.php/ejphn/article/view/172
Beckmann, J., Lang, C., du Randt, R., Gresse, A., Long, K. Z., Ludyga, S., Müller, I., Nqweniso, S., Pühse, U., Utzinger, J., Walter, C., & Gerber, M. (2021). Prevalence of stunting and relationship between stunting and associated risk factors with academic achievement and cognitive function: A cross-sectional study with South African primary school children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084218
Belayneh, M., Loha, E., & Lindtjørn, B. (2020). Seasonal Variation of Household Food Insecurity and Household Dietary Diversity on Wasting and Stunting among Young Children in A Drought Prone Area in South Ethiopia: A Cohort Study. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 60(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2020.1789865
Berra, W. G. (2020). Household Food Insecurity Predicts Childhood Undernutrition: A Cross-Sectional Study in West Oromia (Ethiopia). Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5871980
Binagwaho, A., Rukundo, A., Powers, S., Donahoe, K. B., Agbonyitor, M., Ngabo, F., Karema, C., Scott, K. W., & Smith Fawzi, M. C. (2020). Trends in burden and risk factors associated with childhood stunting in Rwanda from 2000 to 2015: Policy and program implications. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8164-4
Budhathoki, S. S., Bhandari, A., Gurung, R., Gurung, A., & Kc, A. (2020). Stunting Among Under 5-Year-Olds in Nepal: Trends and Risk Factors. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 24(s1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-019-02817-1
Burman, J., Paul, B., Sembiah, S., Parida, D., Negi, R., Vantepaka, S., & Subbakrishna. (2022). Association Between Household Food Insecurity and Nutritional Status Among Children of age <5 years: A Community‑based Study in a Slum of Kolkata, Eastern India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(7), 3885–3890. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc
Chakraborty, R., Armijos, R. X., Beidelman, E. T., Rosenberg, M., & Margaret Weigel, M. (2024). Household food and water insecurity and its association with diarrhoea, respiratory illness, and stunting in Ecuadorian children under 5 years. Maternal and Child Nutrition, October 2023, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13683
Dhingra, S., & Pingali, P. L. (2021). Effects of short birth spacing on birth-order differences in child stunting: Evidence from India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(8), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017834118
Donkor, W. E. S., Mbai, J., Sesay, F., Ali, S. I., Woodruff, B. A., Hussein, S. M., Mohamud, K. M., Muse, A., Mohamed, W. S., Mohamoud, A. M., Mohamud, F. M., Petry, N., Galvin, M., Wegmüller, R., Rohner, F., Katambo, Y., & Wirth, J. P. (2022). Risk factors of stunting and wasting in Somali pre-school age children: results from the 2019 Somalia micronutrient survey. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12439-4
Drennen, C. R., Coleman, S. M., Ettinger, S., Frank, D. A., & Chliton, M. (2019). Food Insecurity, Health, and Development in Children Under Age Four Years. Pediatrics, 144(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/2019-2430.Drennen
El Bilbeisi, A. H., Al-Jawaldeh, A., Albelbeisi, A., Abuzerr, S., Elmadfa, I., & Nasreddine, L. (2022). Households’ Food Insecurity and Their Association With Dietary Intakes, Nutrition-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Under-five Children in Gaza Strip, Palestine. Frontiers in Public Health, 10(February), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.808700
Ezeh, O. K., Abir, T., Zainol, N. R., Mamun, A. Al, Milton, A. H., Haque, R., & Agho, K. E. (2021). Trends of Stunting Prevalence and Its Associated Factors among. 2008–2018.
Gassara, G., Lin, Q., Deng, J., Zhang, Y., Wei, J., & Chen, J. (2023). Dietary Diversity, Household Food Insecurity and Stunting among Children Aged 12 to 59 Months in N’Djamena—Chad. Nutrients, 15(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030573
Gebreayohanes, M., & Dessie, A. (2022). Prevalence of stunting and its associated factors among children 6–59 months of age in pastoralist community, Northeast Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256722
Gholampour, T., Noroozi, M., Zavoshy, R., Mohammadpoorasl, A., & Ezzeddin, N. (2020). Relationship between household food insecurity and growth disorders in children aged 3 to 6 in Qazvin City, Iran. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 23(5), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.5223/PGHN.2020.23.5.447
Gizaw, Z., Yalew, A. W., Bitew, B. D., Lee, J., & Bisesi, M. (2022). Stunting among children aged 24–59 months and associations with sanitation, enteric infections, and environmental enteric dysfunction in rural northwest Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23981-5
Gonete, A. T., Kassahun, B., Mekonnen, E. G., & Takele, W. W. (2021). Stunting at birth and associated factors among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital. PLoS ONE, 16(1 January), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245528
Hailu, B. A., Bogale, G. G., & Beyene, J. (2020). Spatial heterogeneity and factors influencing stunting and severe stunting among under-5 children in Ethiopia: spatial and multilevel analysis. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73572-5
Hasan, M. M., Kader, A., Asif, C. A. Al, & Talukder, A. (2023). Seasonal variation in the association between household food insecurity and child undernutrition in Bangladesh: Mediating role of child dietary diversity. Hasan, M. M., Kader, A., Asif, C. A. Al, & Talukder, A. (2023). Seasonal Variation in the Association between Household Food Insecurity and Child Undernutrition in Bangladesh: Mediating Role of Child Dietary Diversity. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 19(2), 19(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13465
Kamaruzaman, N. A., Musa, A. L., Pasi, H., & Osman, I. F. (2024). Stunting and its association with feeding problem among under five children: a case-control study in Kuantan district, Malaysia. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 79(4), 436–442. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39086341
Kiik, S. M., & Nuwa, M. S. (2020). Stunting Dengan Pendekatan Framework WHO (R. Fahik (ed.)). CV. Gerbang Media Aksara.
Luzingu, J. K., Stroupe, N., Alaofe, H., Jacobs, E., & Ernst, K. (2022). Risk factors associated with under-five stunting, wasting, and underweight in four provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo: analysis of the ASSP project baseline data. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14842-x
Mahfouz, E. M., Mohammed, E. S., Alkilany, S. F., & Rahman, T. A. A. (2022). The relationship between dietary intake and stunting among pre-school children in Upper Egypt. Public Health Nutrition, 25(8), 2179–2187. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898002100389X
Marume, A., Archary, M., & Mahomed, S. (2023). Predictors of stunting among children aged 6-59 months, Zimbabwe. Public Health Nutrition, 26(4), 820–833. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023000046
Masitoh, S., Nurokhmah, S., & Ronoatmodjo, S. (2023). The Correlation Between Food Insecurity Level and Stunting in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 13(3), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2022.13.2.385-398
Mulyaningsih, T., Mohanty, I., Widyaningsih, V., Gebremedhin, T. A., Miranti, R., & Wiyono, V. H. (2021). Beyond personal factors: Multilevel determinants of childhood stunting in Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 16(11 November), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260265
Nagappa, B., Rehman, T., Marimuthu, Y., Priyan, S., Sarveswaran, G., & Kumar, S. G. (2020). Prevelance Insecurity at Household Level and Its Associated Factors in Rural Puducherry: A Cross‑Sectional Study. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 45(3). https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM
Najib, Rum Giyarsih, S., Listyaningsih, U., & Nawawi. (2023). Analysis of Feeding Behavior and Family Food Security as a Stunting Risk Factor in Semarang City. Kemas, 19(2), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v19i2.43144
Namirembe, G., Ghosh, S., Ausman, L. M., Shrestha, R., Zaharia, S., Bashaasha, B., Kabunga, N., Agaba, E., Mezzano, J., & Webb, P. (2022). Child stunting starts in utero: Growth trajectories and determinants in Ugandan infants. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 18(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13359
Nepali, S., Simkhada, P., & Davies, I. (2019). Trends and inequalities in stunting in Nepal: A secondary data analysis of four Nepal demographic health surveys from 2001 to 2016. BMC Nutrition, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-019-0283-x
Nsubuga, E. J., Arinda Kato, I., Lee, S., Ssenyondo, M., & Isunju, J. B. (2022). Predictors of Stunting and Underweight Among Children Aged 6 to 59 months in Bussi Islands, Wakiso District, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 15, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388221125107
Quamme, S. H., & Iversen, P. O. (2022). Prevalence of child stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa and its risk factors. Clinical Nutrition Open Science, 42(2022), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2022.01.009
Rofiqoh, S., Widyastuti, W., Rejeki, H., Fijianto, D., & Lianasari, F. (2021). The Relationship between Parental Feeding Style and Stunting among Toddler in Central Java Indonesia. International Academic Journal of Advanced Practices in Nursing, 2(3), 16–22.
Sansón-Rosas, A. M., Bernal-Rivas, J., Kubow, S., Suarez-Molina, A., & Melgar-Quiñonez, H. (2021). Food insecurity and the double burden of malnutrition in Colombian rural households. Public Health Nutrition, 24(14), 4417–4429. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021002895
Sartika, A. N., Khoirunnisa, M., Meiyetriani, E., Ermayani, E., Pramesthi, I. L., & Nur Ananda, A. J. (2021). Prenatal and postnatal determinants of stunting at age 0–11 months: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 16(7 July), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254662
Sekretariat Wakil Presiden RI. (2021). Laporan Baseline Program Percepatan Pencegahan Stunting 2018-2024. In Laporan Baseline Program Percepatan Pencegahan Stunting 2018-2024. stunting.go.id
Sihite, N. W. (2022). Literatur Review : Keterkaitan Ketahanan Pangan Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita. Gema Kesehatan, 14(1), 1–10. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jnc/article/view/26992
Sotoudeh, M., Amaniyan, S., Jonoush, M., & Vaismoradi, M. (2021). A community-based survey of household food insecurity and associated sociodemographic factors among 2–6 years old children in the Southeast of Iran. Nutrients, 13(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020574
Toma, T. M., Andargie, K. T., Alula, R. A., Kebede, B. M., & Gujo, M. M. (2023). Factors associated with wasting and stunting among children aged 06–59 months in South Ari District, Southern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Nutrition, 9(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-023-00683-3
Vaivada, T., Akseer, N., Akseer, S., Somaskandan, A., Stefopulos, M., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Stunting in childhood: An overview of global burden, trends, determinants, and drivers of decline. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 112, 777S-791S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa159
Win, H., Shafique, S., Mizan, S., Wallenborn, J., Probst-Hensch, N., & Fink, G. (2022). Association between mother’s work status and child stunting in urban slums: a cross-sectional assessment of 346 child-mother dyads in Dhaka, Bangladesh (2020). Archives of Public Health, 80(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00948-6
World Health Organisation. (2022). World health statistics 2022 (Monitoring health of the SDGs). In World Health Organisation 2022. http://apps.who.int/bookorders.
Zewdu, D., & Halala Handiso, Y. (2020). Under-nutrition of 2–5 years old children and associated factor among employed and unemployed women: Comparative cross-sectional study. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1801215
Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.