Community-Based Strategies for the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases in Coastal Areas: Meta Analisis

Icmi Ikhtiari Nanjar; Shafinah Binti Ahmad Suhaimi; Ustifina Hasanah Hasibuan; M. Nawawi Lubis; Nisah Nisah

doi:10.37287/ijghr.v7i5.7649

Icmi Ikhtiari Nanjar STIKes Sakinah Husada
Shafinah Binti Ahmad Suhaimi IPPT- USM Malaysia
Ustifina Hasanah Hasibuan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan As Syifa
M. Nawawi Lubis STIKes Sakinah Husada
Nisah Nisah STIKes Sakinah Husada

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v7i5.7649

Keywords: community-based intervention, coastal population, hypertension

Abstract

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly hypertension, represent a major global health burden, especially in vulnerable populations such as coastal communities. Limited healthcare access, combined with socioeconomic and environmental risk factors, contributes to increased hypertension prevalence in these areas. Community-based strategies have been widely promoted as effective approaches to prevention. This study employed a meta-analysis of observational studies following PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies included adult populations in coastal areas and reported adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals. Data were analyzed using Review Manager (RevMan), with heterogeneity assessed using the I² statistic and publication bias evaluated through funnel plots. A total of five studies met the inclusion criteria for quantitative synthesis. The findings showed that community-based interventions were significantly associated with reduced hypertension incidence. The adjusted odds ratios ranged from 2.10 to 3.03, indicating a meaningful reduction in risk among exposed populations. The funnel plot demonstrated no substantial publication bias. Community-based strategies are effective in reducing hypertension incidence in coastal populations and represent a scalable approach for NCD prevention.

References

Abegunde, D. O., Mathers, C. D., Adam, T., Ortegon, M., & Strong, K. (2020). The burden and costs of chronic diseases. The Lancet, 370(9603), 1929–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61696-1

Allen, L. N., & Feigl, A. B. (2020). What’s in a name? A call to reframe non-communicable diseases. The Lancet Global Health, 8(10), e1293–e1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30355-4

Beaglehole, R., Bonita, R., Horton, R., Adams, C., Alleyne, G., Asaria, P., & Lancet NCD Action Group. (2020). Priority actions for the NCD crisis. The Lancet, 377(9775), 1438–1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60393-0

Bosu, W. K. (2021). Determinants of hypertension in low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Hypertension, 2021, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6620615

Carey, R. M., Muntner, P., Bosworth, H. B., & Whelton, P. K. (2021). Prevention and control of hypertension: JACC health promotion series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 78(25), 2600–2618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.012

Danaei, G., Lu, Y., Singh, G. M., Carnahan, E., Stevens, G. A., Cowan, M. J., & Ezzati, M. (2021). Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden. The Lancet, 397(10274), 2337–2360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00682-6

Ezzati, M., Pearson-Stuttard, J., Bennett, J. E., & Mathers, C. D. (2020). Acting on NCDs: Counting the costs. The Lancet, 395(10222), 123–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3

Gualan, A., et al. (2024). Community-based interventions and hypertension outcomes in coastal populations. Journal of Public Health Research, 13(2), 145–153.

Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (2020). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (2nd ed.). Wiley.

Ibrahim, M. M., & Damasceno, A. (2021). Hypertension in developing countries. The Lancet Global Health, 9(8), e1045–e1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00223-2

Khanal, M. K., et al. (2021). Community-based health education and home support program for hypertension control. BMC Public Health, 21, 1234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11234-5

Kruk, M. E., Gage, A. D., Joseph, N. T., Danaei, G., García-Saisó, S., & Salomon, J. A. (2020). Mortality due to low-quality health systems. The Lancet Global Health, 8(9), e1196–e1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30364-5

Linggar, D., et al. (2023). Community-based strategies for hypertension prevention in Indonesian coastal communities. Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 55–63.

Mills, K. T., Stefanescu, A., & He, J. (2020). The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 16(4), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). (2021). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control. The Lancet, 398(10304), 957–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1

O’Mara-Eves, A., Brunton, G., McDaid, D., Oliver, S., Kavanagh, J., Jamal, F., & Thomas, J. (2020). Community engagement to reduce inequalities in health: Updated systematic review. Public Health Research, 8(6), 1–400. https://doi.org/10.3310/phr08060

Peters, D. H., Adam, T., Alonge, O., Agyepong, I. A., & Tran, N. (2020). Implementation research: What it is and how to do it. BMJ, 347, f6753. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6753

Pullar, J., Allen, L., Townsend, N., Williams, J., Foster, C., Roberts, N., & Rayner, M. (2020). The impact of community interventions on hypertension. The Lancet Public Health, 5(6), e322–e330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30064-3

Riley, L., Gouda, H., Cowan, M., & NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2021). Global burden of hypertension. The Lancet, 398(10304), 957–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1

Sari, N. P., et al. (2020). Dietary patterns and hypertension risk among coastal communities. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 29(3), 567–574. https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.202009_29(3).0010

Susanti, N., et al. (2020). Socioeconomic and metabolic risk factors of hypertension in coastal populations. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 16(2), 89–96.

Unwin, N., Mugusi, F., Aspray, T., Whiting, D., Edwards, R., Mbanya, J. C., & Sobngwi, E. (2020). Tackling the emerging pandemic of NCDs in Africa. The Lancet, 395(10222), 123–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3

World Health Organization. (2021). Noncommunicable diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases

World Health Organization. (2022). Hypertension fact sheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

Zhou, B., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Danaei, G., Riley, L. M., Paciorek, C. J., Stevens, G. A., & NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2022). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence. The Lancet, 398(10304), 957–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1