The The Effect of Tobacco Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Exposure on Body Microbiota: A Systematic Review in Animal Models

Nopsa Azzahra Dwi Permatasari; Ismiralda Oke Putranti

doi:10.37287/ijghr.v7i4.6404

Nopsa Azzahra Dwi Permatasari Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Ismiralda Oke Putranti Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v7i4.6404

Keywords: animal models, dysbiosis, electronic cigarettes, inflammation, microbiota, systemic health, tobacco cigarettes

Abstract

Exposure to tobacco and e-cigarette (vape) smoke is a significant factor affecting health, especially regarding the composition and balance of the body's microbiota. Objective to evaluate the impact of exposure to both types of cigarette smoke on body microbiota, particularly oral, gut and respiratory microbiota. A literature search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines through the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research Gate databases for the period 2015-2025. A total of 4,257 articles were identified, and after screening, obtained 7 in vivo experimental studies using the PICO method, focusing on the effects of chronic cigarette smoke exposure on microbiota composition, inflammation, and dysbiosis were selected, all conducted on animal models. The analysis showed that exposure to tobacco and e-cigarette smoke caused microbiota dysbiosis, characterized by decreased diversity of commensal microbes and increased prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis in the oral microbiota, Proteobacteria in the gut microbiota, and Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Haemophilus in the respiratory tract microbiota. The main mechanisms of microbiota disruption involve oxidative stress and chronic inflammation induced by chemical components in cigarette smoke. Exposure to cigarette smoke, both tobacco and e-cigarette, has a significant impact on the body's microbiota, potentially increasing the risk of inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and respiratory tract infections.

References

Agarwal, D. M., Dhotre, D. P., Kumbhare, S. V., Gaike, A. H., Brashier, B. B., Shouche, Y. S., Juvekar, S. K., & Salvi, S. S. (2021). Disruptions in Oral and Nasal Microbiota in Biomass and Tobacco Smoke Associated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Archives of Microbiology, 173(1), 104-116.

Allais, L., Kerckhof, F.-M., Verschuere, S., Bracke, K. R., De Smet, R., Laukens, D., Van den Abbeele, P., De Vos, M., Boon, N., Brusselle, G. G., Cuvelier, C. A., & Van de Wiele, T. (2016). Chronic cigarette smoke exposure induces microbial and inflammatory shifts and mucin changes in the murine gut. Environmental Microbiology, 18(5), 1352-1363.

Carding, S., Verbeke, K., Vipond, D. T., Corfe, B. M., & Owen, L. J. (2015). Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota in Disease. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 26(1), 26191.

Chattopadhyay, S., Malayil, L., Chopyk, J., Smyth, E., Kulkarni, P., Raspanti, G., Thomas, S. B., Sapkota, A., Mongodin, E. F., & Sapkota, A. R. (2024). Oral microbiome dysbiosis among cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users compared to non-users. Scientific Reports, 14, 10394.

Chopyk, J., Bojanowski, C. M., Shin, J., Moshensky, A., Fuentes, A. L., Bonde, S. S., Chuki, D., Pride, D. T., & Crotty Alexander, L. E. (2021). Compositional differences in the oral microbiome of e-cigarette users. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 599664.

Fan, J., Zhou, Y., Meng, R., Tang, J., Zhu, J., Aldrich, M. C., Cox, N. J., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., & Zhou, D. (2023). Cross-talks between gut microbiota and tobacco smoking: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Medicine, 21, 163.

Hilty, M., Wüthrich, T. M., Godel, A., Adelfio, R., Aebi, S., Burgener, S. S., Illgen-Wilcke, B., & Benarafa, C. (2020). Chronic cigarette smoke exposure and pneumococcal infection induce oropharyngeal microbiota dysbiosis and contribute to long-lasting lung damage in mice. Microbial Genomics, 6, 000485.

Jetté, M. E., Dill-McFarland, K. A., Hanshew, A. S., Suen, G., & Thibeault, S. L. (2016). The human laryngeal microbiome: Effects of cigarette smoke and reflux. Scientific Reports, 6, 35882.

Laiman, V., Chuang, H.-C., Lo, Y.-C., Yuan, T.-H., Chen, Y.-Y., Heriyanto, D. S., Yuliani, F. S., Chung, K. F., & Chang, J.-H. (2024). Cigarette smoke-induced dysbiosis: Comparative analysis of lung and intestinal microbiomes in COPD mice and patients. Respiratory Research, 25(204).

Leroue, M. K., Williamson, K. M., Curtin, P. C., Sontag, M. K., Wagner, B. D., Ambroggio, L., Bixby, M., Busgang, S. A., Murphy, S. E., Peterson, L. A., Vevang, K. R., Sipe, C. J., Harris, J. K., Reeder, R. W., Locandro, C., Carpenter, T. C., Maddux, A. B., Simões, E. A. F., Osborne, C. M., Robertson, C. E., Langelier, C., Carcillo, J. A., Meert, K. L., Pollack, M. M., McQuillen, P. S., & Mourani, P. M. (2023). Tobacco smoke exposure, the lower airways microbiome, and outcomes of ventilated children. Pediatric Research, 94(5), 660–667.

Li, N., Dai, Z., Wang, Z., Deng, Z., Zhang, J., Pu, J., Cao, W., Pan, T., Zhou, Y., Yang, Z., Li, J., Li, B., & Ran, P. (2021). Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Research, 22, 274.

Martinez, J. E., Kahana, D. D., Ghuman, S., Wilson, H. P., Wilson, J., Kim, S. C. J., Lagishetty, V., Jacobs, J. P., Sinha-Hikim, A. P., & Friedman, T. C. (2021). Unhealthy Lifestyle and Gut Dysbiosis: A Better Understanding of the Effects of Poor Diet and Nicotine on the Intestinal Microbiome. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 667066.

Meng, L., Xu, M., Xing, Y., Chen, C., Jiang, J., & Xu, X. (2022). Effects of cigarette smoke exposure on the gut microbiota and liver transcriptome in mice reveal gut–liver interactions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(19), 11008.

Mubarak, R. A., Windarti, I., & Yunianto, A. E. (2024). Smoking and Vaping as Risk Factors for Liver Disorders. Medula, 14(11), 2064-2065.

Panzer, A. R., Lynch, S. V., Langelier, C., Christie, J. D., McCauley, K., Nelson, M., Cheung, C. K., Benowitz, N. L., Cohen, M. J., & Calfee, C. S. (2018). Lung microbiota is related to smoking status and to development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill trauma patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 197(5), 621–631.

Park, B., Koh, H., Patatanian, M., Reyes-Caballero, H., Zhao, N., Meinert, J., Holbrook, J. T., Leinbach, L. I., & Biswal, S. (2023). The mediating roles of the oral microbiome in saliva and subgingival sites between e-cigarette smoking and gingival inflammation. BMC Microbiology, 23, 35.

Qu, Z., Zhang, L., Hou, R., Ma, X., Yu, J., Zhang, W., Zhuang, C., & Zhang, W. (2021). Exposure to a mixture of cigarette smoke carcinogens disturbs gut microbiota and influences metabolic homeostasis in A/J mice. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 344, 109496.

Quinones Tavarez, Z., Li, D., Croft, D. P., Gill, S. R., Ossip, D. J., & Rahman, I. (2020). The Interplay Between Respiratory Microbiota and Innate Immunity in Flavor E-Cigarette Vaping Induced Lung Dysfunction. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 589501.

Sublette, M. G., Cross, T.-W. L., Korcarz, C. E., Hansen, K. M., Murga-Garrido, S. M., Hazen, S. L., Wang, Z., Oguss, M. K., Rey, F. E., & Stein, J. H. (2020). Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on the intestinal microbiota. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9), 2963.

Tam, A., Filho, F. S. L., Ra, S. W., Yang, J., Leung, J. M., Churg, A., Wright, J. L., & Sin, D. D. (2020). Effects of sex and chronic cigarette smoke exposure on the mouse cecal microbiome. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0230932.

Wang, X., Mi, Q., Yang, J., Guan, Y., Zeng, W., Xiang, H., Liu, X., Yang, W., Yang, G., Li, X., Cui, Y., & Gao, Q. (2022). Effect of electronic cigarette and tobacco smoking on the human saliva microbial community. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 53(3), 991-1000.

Wang, X., Ye, P., Fang, L., Ge, S., Huang, F., Polverini, P. J., Heng, W., Zheng, L., Hu, Q., Yan, F., & Wang, W. (2021). Active smoking induces aberrations in digestive tract microbiota of rats. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 737204.

Yan, S., Ma, Z., Jiao, M., Wang, Y., Li, A., & Ding, S. (2021). Effects of Smoking on Inflammatory Markers in a Healthy Population as Analyzed via the Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 633242.

Zhang, R., Chen, L., Cao, L., Li, K.-j., Huang, Y., Luan, X.-q., & Li, G. (2018). Effects of smoking on the lower respiratory tract microbiome in mice. Respiratory Research, 19, 253.