Determinants of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) among Pregnant Women

Sophian Aswar; Febry Istyanto

doi:10.37287/ijghr.v6iS5.4703

Sophian Aswar Poltekkes Kemenkes Jayapura
Febry Istyanto Poltekkes Kemenkes Jayapura

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v6iS5.4703

Keywords: chronic energy, deficiency, determinants, pregnant women

Abstract

Maternal health is a crucial global development issue, particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. The health of pregnant women is vital for ensuring the survival and well-being of their unborn children. This study aims to identify factors contributing to Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women and its effects on maternal health and fetal development. Conducted as an analytical survey with a cross-sectional design, the study's population comprises all pregnant women in their first, second, and third trimesters within the Yendidori Health Center area, totaling 63 individuals. Using a non-probability sampling method with incidental sampling, a sample of 45 participants was selected. Data collection involved observation sheets and a validated questionnaire on maternal knowledge, demonstrating high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.951). Bivariate analysis revealed significant relationships between several factors and CED incidence: education level (p = 0.004), family income (p = 0.002), and nutritional knowledge (p = 0.001). These findings indicate that higher educational attainment, increased family income, and better nutritional knowledge are associated with a lower incidence of CED among pregnant women, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve maternal health outcomes.

References

Akbarini, O. F., Pramuwidya, A., & Lepita, L. (2024). Upaya Edukasi Ibu Hamil Dalam Mengenali Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) Melalui Faktor Risiko. MESTAKA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(4), 343–347. https://doi.org/10.58184/mestaka.v3i4.345

Auliana, U., Iskari, N., & Tiurma, H. (2016). Hubungan Usia , Tingkat Pendidikan , Status Ekonomi ,. Nutrire Diaita, 8(1), 9–17.

Christina, O., Keats, E. C., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12(491), 1–30.

Darmawan, R., & Kusuma, D. (2019). Hubungan Pendidikan dan Pendapatan dengan Status Gizi Ibu Hamil di Indonesia. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 14(2).

Dhiu, E., Berek, N. C., Ruliati, L. P., Jutomo, L., & Ratu, J. M. (2022). Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kejadian Kurang Energi Kronik (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 4(2), 958–967. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v4i2.3897

Dinkes Biak Numfor. (2022). Laporan Tahunan KEK Ibu Hamil di Kabupaten Biak Numfor Tahun 2021.

Fitriani, F., Yarmaliza, Y., & Farisni, T. N. (2024). Analyzing the Level of Knowledge, Food Consumption Diversity, and Nutritional Intake on Chronic Energy Deficiency among Pregnant Women in Stunting Prevention. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 6(2), 62–66. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2024.6.2.1939

Fitrianingtyas, I., Pertiwi, F. D., & Rachmania, W. (2018). Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Kurang Energi Kronis (Kek) Pada Ibu Hamil Di Puskesmas Warung Jambu Kota Bogor. Hearty, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.32832/hearty.v6i2.1275

Hasanah, U., Monica, O. T., Susanti, D., & Hariyanti, R. (2023). Hubungan Pendidikan dan Pekerjaan dengan Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil di Puskesmas Putri Ayu. MAHESA : Malahayati Health Student Journal, 3(8), 2375–2385. https://doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v3i8.10832

Ikrawati, I., & Tempali, S. R. (2023). Characteristic Features of Pregnant Women who Experience Chronic Lack of Energy in Pregnant Women. Napande: Jurnal Bidan, 2(2), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.33860/njb.v2i2.2925

Kemenkes RI. (2023). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia.

Koletzko, B., Godfrey, K. M., Poston, L., Szajewska, H., Van Goudoever, J. B., De Waard, M., Brands, B., Grivell, R. M., Deussen, A. R., Dodd, J. M., Patro-Golab, B., & Zalewski, B. M. (2019). Nutrition during pregnancy, lactation and early childhood and its implications for maternal and long-term child health: The early nutrition project recommendations. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 74(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496471

Mutika, W. T., Damayanti, R., Kirana, A. N., Putri, D. E., Mazidah, H., Juliyanti, M. F., Jannah, N. C., & Noveldya, R. R. (2024). Hubungan Faktor Determinan dengan Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil di Desa Jamali, Kecamatan Mande, Kabupaten Cianjur. Jurnal Kesmas Untika Luwuk: Public Health Journal, 02.

Ningsih, A. D. R., & Eviyanti, A. (2021). Expert System To Identify Insomnia Problems In Adults Using Forward Chaining Method. Procedia of Engineering and Life Science, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.21070/pels.v1i2.984

Nursalam. (2021). Metodelogi penelitian (1st ed.). Gramedia.

Paknahad, Z., Fallah, A., & Moravejolahkami, A. R. (2019). Maternal Dietary Patterns and Their Association with Pregnancy Outcomes. Clinical Nutrition Research, 8(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.1.64

Quezada‐pinedo, H. G., Cassel, F., Duijts, L., Muckenthaler, M. U., Gassmann, M., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Reiss, I. K. M., & Vermeulen, M. J. (2021). Maternal iron status in pregnancy and child health outcomes after birth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Nutrients, 13(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072221

Rahmawati, E., Harahap, D., & Fitriani, D. (2019). Pengaruh Pendapatan dan Pendidikan Terhadap Pola Konsumsi Pangan pada Ibu Hamil di Wilayah Indonesia Timur. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 14(3).

Rahmi, L. (2017). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kekurangan Energi Kronik (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil di Puskesmas Belimbing Padang. Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Saintika, 8(1), 35–46.

Ramdhani, A. N. R., Agestika, L., & Srimiati, M. (2024). Relationship Of Nutrition Knowledge, Nutrition Intake, Provision Of Supplementary Food With Nutritional Status Of Pregnant Women. Media Gizi Pangan, 31(1).

Rejeki, S. T., Hadiningsih, T. A., & Wahyuningsih, R. F. (2019). Pemanfaatan Buku Kia Dalam Kunjungan Anc Ibu Hamil Trimester Iii Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Slawi. Jurnal SMART Kebidanan, 6(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.34310/sjkb.v6i1.236

Rohiman, Rafiyah, I., & . S. (2019). Characteristics of Pregnant Women With the Chronic Energy Deficiency At the Phc of Pasundan Garut. Journal of Maternity Care and Reproductive Health, 2(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.36780/jmcrh.v2i1.67

Sudarmi, S., Pranajaya, P., & Riyanto, R. (n.d.). Effects of Low Knowledge on Anemia, Weight Gain, and Chronic Energy Deficiency in Pregnant Women. Jurnal Kesehatan Metro Sai Wawai, 16(2).

Suryani, L., Riski, M., Sari, R. G., & Listiono, H. (2021). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Terjadinya Kekurangan Energi Kronik pada Ibu Hamil. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 21(1), 311. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i1.1117

Victora, C. G. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health.

World Health Organization. (2016). Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health: Health topics.

Yanti, C. A., & Romaina, F. (2020). Analisis Faktor Determinan Kejadian Kekurangan Energy Protein Pada Ibu Hamil Di Bukittinggi. Jurnal Public Health, 7(1), 43–54.

Yunita, M., Fitri, Y., & Maharani, M. (2023). The Analysis Of Factors Related To The Prevalence Of Chronic Energy Deficiency (Ced) In Pregnant Women. Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati, 9(1), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.33024/jkm.v9i1.8965

Yusuf, H., Abdullah, A., & Marpaung, R. (2020). Keterkaitan Pendapatan Keluarga dengan Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil di Papua. Buletin Kesehatan Masyarakat, 16(2).