Study of Cholesterol Intake, Proportion of Fat in the Diet to Body Fat in Adolescents
Keywords:
cholesterol intake, mufa intake, obesity, overweight, percent body fat, pufa intake
Abstract
The increase of body fat over students is caused by changes in lifestyle, especially diet, where adolescents often consume high-energy foods sourced from fat. High consumption of saturated fats can increase cholesterol and inflammation in the body, leading to fat storage disorders. To prevent this increase in excess, it is necessary to increase the intake unsaturated fat, like MUFA and PUFA which are known as one of the anti-inflammatory substances that can reduce fat in the body. Therefore, when consuming fats, a larger proportion of PUFA and MUFA is needed compared to the proportion of saturated fats. Objective: To analyze the relationship between cholesterol intake and the proportion of fat intake with percent body fat. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design with multistage random sampling involving 161 adolescents aged 15-18 years who attended high schools and vocational schools in Surakarta. Food intake data was collected using food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ). Percent body fat was measured using Bioelectrical Impendence Analysis (BIA) Omron HBF -375 Karada scan. Bivariate data analysis using spearman rank. Results: The results of the analysis showed no relationship between cholesterol intake and percent body fat (p=0.531), proportion of saturated fat (p=0.332), proportion of MUFA (p=0.269), proportion of PUFA (p=0.213) Conclusions: It can be concluded that cholesterol intake and proportion of saturated fat, PUFA, and MUFA are not associated with percent body fat.
References
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Ozen, E., Mihaylova, R., Weech, M., Kinsella, S., Lovegrove, J. A., & Jackson, K. G. (2022). Association between dietary saturated fat with cardiovascular disease risk markers and body composition in healthy adults: findings from the cross-sectional BODYCON study. Nutrition & Metabolism, 19(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-022-00650-y
Pinasti, L., Indarto, D., & Widyaningsih, V. (2023). Hubungan Asupan Harian Buah-Buahan Dan Kacang-Kacangan Serta Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh Menurut Umur Pada Remaja Putri Overweight Di Pondok Pesantren Darussalam Gontor. 241–250. https://tin.persagi.org
Poledne, R., Kralova Lesna, I., Kralova, A., Fronek, J., & Cejkova, S. (2016). The relationship between non-HDL cholesterol and macrophage phenotypes in human adipose tissue. Journal of Lipid Research, 57(10), 1899–1905. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P068015
Rahmala, G. U., Fitria, D., & Zhahira, N. (2021). Correlation between fiber consumption rate and cholesterol intake with body fat percent in nutrition students ITS PKU Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The 14th University Research Colloqium 2021, 573–580.
Rahman, M. M., Salikunna, N. A., Sumarni, S., Wahyuni, R. D., Badaruddin, R., Ramadhan, M. Z., & Arief, A. (2021). Hubungan Asupan Lemak Terhadap Persentase Lemak Tubuh Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Tadulako Angkatan 2019. Healthy Tadulako Journal (Jurnal Kesehatan Tadulako), 7(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.22487/htj.v7i1.137
Rosqvist, F., Cedernaes, J., Martínez Mora, A., Fridén, M., Johansson, H.-E., Iggman, D., Larsson, A., Ahlström, H., Kullberg, J., & Risérus, U. (2024). Overfeeding polyunsaturated fat compared with saturated fat does not differentially influence lean tissue accumulation in individuals with overweight: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 120(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.010
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Szymczak-Pajor, I., Drzewoski, J., & Śliwińska, A. (2020). The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Prevents Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186644
Vincent, M. J., Allen, B., Palacios, O. M., Haber, L. T., & Maki, K. C. (2019). Meta-regression analysis of the effects of dietary cholesterol intake on LDL and HDL cholesterol. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy273
Weta, I. W., Sutirtayasa, W. P., Sucipta, W. C., Malik, S. G., Subawa, A. A. N., & Widyadharma, I. P. E. (2020). Supplementation of low ratio n-6:N-3 pufa reduces body fatness in young obese balinese women: A randomized study with optimized energy regulation. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 8(2), 584–595. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.2.24
Wijarnpreecha, K., Ahmed, A., & Kim, D. (2022). Body fat distribution: a crucial target for intervention in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis. In Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition (Vol. 11, Issue 5, pp. 738–742). https://doi.org/10.21037/hbsn-22-366
Zhong, W., Luo, G., Luo, J., & Guo, L. (2022). Effect of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio on body fat deposition, tissues fatty acid composition and key genes expression of liver lipid metabolism in silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes fulva) during the winter fur-growth period. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.986388
Alpionira, V., Indri Hapsari, A., Moviana, Y., Syarief, O., Willihelm Saleky, Y., & Nur Fauziah, R. (2022). Asupan Lemak Jenuh Dan Obesitas Sentral Pada Ibu Rumah Tangga Usia 30-49 Tahun. Jurnal Kesehatan Siliwangi, 2(3), 1020–1027. https://doi.org/10.34011/jks.v2i3.797
Bai, J., Ge, Y., Zhao, C., Yang, L., Ge, K., & Zhang, J. (2024). N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat-1 transgenic mice prevent obesity by stimulating the IL-27 signaling pathway. Journal of Functional Foods, 118, 106288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2024.106288
Beal, T., Morris, S. S., & Tumilowicz, A. (2019). Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-Food Consumption: A Meta-Analysis of Global School-Based Student Health Surveys. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 40(4), 444–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119848287
Chen, A., Rafiz Azuan, N. B., Harun, N. M., Ooi, Y. B. H., & Khor, B.-H. (2024). Nutritional status and dietary fatty acid intake among children from low-income households in Sabah: A cross-sectional study. Human Nutrition & Metabolism, 36, 200260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hnm.2024.200260
DiNicolantonio, J. J., & O’Keefe, J. H. (2017). Good Fats versus Bad Fats: A Comparison of Fatty Acids in the Promotion of Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Obesity. Missouri Medicine, 114(4), 303–307.
Duarte, C. K., dos Santos, A. L. T., Kirst, C., Nunes, G. da S., de Franceschi, K., de Azevedo, M. J., & Zelmanovitz, T. (2019). Dietary source of saturated fat and percentage body fat of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Food Science \& Nutrition, 7(1), 195–204. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.853
Erdenetsetseg, E., Shin, H. R., & Song, S. (2024). Dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids among Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study based on the 2016–2021 KNHANES data. Korean J Community Nutr, 29(2), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.2.144
Gao, X., Lin, X., Xin, Y., Zhu, X., Li, X., Chen, M., Huang, Z., & Guo, H. (2023). Dietary cholesterol drives the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by altering gut microbiota mediated bile acid metabolism in high-fat diet fed mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 117, 109347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109347
Horlick, M. B., Rosenbaum, M., Nicolson, M., Levine, L. S., Fedun, B., Wang, J., Pierson, R. N. J., & Leibel, R. L. (2000). Effect of puberty on the relationship between circulating leptin and body composition. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(7), 2509–2518. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.7.6689
Kahleova, H., Hlozkova, A., Fleeman, R., Fletcher, K., Holubkov, R., & Barnard, N. D. (2019). Fat Quantity and Quality, as Part of a Low-Fat, Vegan Diet, Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin Secretion. A 16-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030615
Kim, O. Y., Kim, E. M., & Chung, S. (2020). Impacts of Dietary Macronutrient Pattern on Adolescent Body Composition and Metabolic Risk: Current and Future Health Status—A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123722
Małodobra-Mazur, M., Cierzniak, A., Pawełka, D., Kaliszewski, K., Rudnicki, J., & Dobosz, T. (2020). Metabolic Differences between Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipocytes Differentiated with an Excess of Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids. Genes, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11091092
Mc Auley, M. T. (2020). Effects of obesity on cholesterol metabolism and its implications for healthy ageing. Nutrition Research Reviews, 33(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422419000258
Monnard, C. R., & Dulloo, A. G. (2021). Polyunsaturated fatty acids as modulators of fat mass and lean mass in human body composition regulation and cardiometabolic health. Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 22 Suppl 2, e13197. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13197
Oda, E. (2018). LDL cholesterol was more strongly associated with percent body fat than body mass index and waist circumference in a health screening population. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 12(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2017.05.005
Ozen, E., Mihaylova, R., Weech, M., Kinsella, S., Lovegrove, J. A., & Jackson, K. G. (2022). Association between dietary saturated fat with cardiovascular disease risk markers and body composition in healthy adults: findings from the cross-sectional BODYCON study. Nutrition & Metabolism, 19(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-022-00650-y
Pinasti, L., Indarto, D., & Widyaningsih, V. (2023). Hubungan Asupan Harian Buah-Buahan Dan Kacang-Kacangan Serta Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh Menurut Umur Pada Remaja Putri Overweight Di Pondok Pesantren Darussalam Gontor. 241–250. https://tin.persagi.org
Poledne, R., Kralova Lesna, I., Kralova, A., Fronek, J., & Cejkova, S. (2016). The relationship between non-HDL cholesterol and macrophage phenotypes in human adipose tissue. Journal of Lipid Research, 57(10), 1899–1905. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P068015
Rahmala, G. U., Fitria, D., & Zhahira, N. (2021). Correlation between fiber consumption rate and cholesterol intake with body fat percent in nutrition students ITS PKU Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The 14th University Research Colloqium 2021, 573–580.
Rahman, M. M., Salikunna, N. A., Sumarni, S., Wahyuni, R. D., Badaruddin, R., Ramadhan, M. Z., & Arief, A. (2021). Hubungan Asupan Lemak Terhadap Persentase Lemak Tubuh Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Tadulako Angkatan 2019. Healthy Tadulako Journal (Jurnal Kesehatan Tadulako), 7(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.22487/htj.v7i1.137
Rosqvist, F., Cedernaes, J., Martínez Mora, A., Fridén, M., Johansson, H.-E., Iggman, D., Larsson, A., Ahlström, H., Kullberg, J., & Risérus, U. (2024). Overfeeding polyunsaturated fat compared with saturated fat does not differentially influence lean tissue accumulation in individuals with overweight: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 120(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.010
Schwingshackl, L., Zähringer, J., Beyerbach, J., Werner, S. S., Nagavci, B., Heseker, H., Koletzko, B., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2021). A Scoping Review of Current Guidelines on Dietary Fat and Fat Quality. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 77(2), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000515671
Surdu, A. M., Pînzariu, O., Ciobanu, D.-M., Negru, A.-G., Căinap, S.-S., Lazea, C., Iacob, D., Săraci, G., Tirinescu, D., Borda, I. M., & Cismaru, G. (2021). Vitamin D and Its Role in the Lipid Metabolism and the Development of Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020172
Szymczak-Pajor, I., Drzewoski, J., & Śliwińska, A. (2020). The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Prevents Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186644
Vincent, M. J., Allen, B., Palacios, O. M., Haber, L. T., & Maki, K. C. (2019). Meta-regression analysis of the effects of dietary cholesterol intake on LDL and HDL cholesterol. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy273
Weta, I. W., Sutirtayasa, W. P., Sucipta, W. C., Malik, S. G., Subawa, A. A. N., & Widyadharma, I. P. E. (2020). Supplementation of low ratio n-6:N-3 pufa reduces body fatness in young obese balinese women: A randomized study with optimized energy regulation. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 8(2), 584–595. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.2.24
Wijarnpreecha, K., Ahmed, A., & Kim, D. (2022). Body fat distribution: a crucial target for intervention in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis. In Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition (Vol. 11, Issue 5, pp. 738–742). https://doi.org/10.21037/hbsn-22-366
Zhong, W., Luo, G., Luo, J., & Guo, L. (2022). Effect of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio on body fat deposition, tissues fatty acid composition and key genes expression of liver lipid metabolism in silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes fulva) during the winter fur-growth period. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.986388
Published
2024-10-10
How to Cite
Lourena, C., Tamtomo, D. G., & Wiboworini, B. (2024). Study of Cholesterol Intake, Proportion of Fat in the Diet to Body Fat in Adolescents. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 6(S5), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v6iS5.4543
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