Effects of the use of N95 Mask on Oxygen Saturation, Hemodynamic Status and Physical Performance of Nurses
Abstract
COVID-19 was an emerging disease that can be transmitted rapidly via droplets and aerosols with a high mortality rate. During pandemic, nurses had a high risk of contracting COVID-19 so efforts to prevent transmission need to be made by using personal protective equipment (PPE). N95 masks were the standard personal protective equipment recommended by WHO, however wearing N95 masks for a long period of time can cause physiological stress, namely breathing, body heat balance, vision, communication, feeling comfortable, difficulty eating and sneezing as well as other PPE worn. This study aimed to identify the effect of using N95 masks on oxygen saturation, hemodynamic status and physical performance in nurses at X Hospital. The research method used was a pre-experimental design, one group pre and post test, including one intervention group that measured lung function and physical performance. The sampling technique in this research was non-probability sampling with purposive sampling of 94 respondents. Respondents underwent a pretest, then lung function and physical performance were examined after 4 hours of using an N95 mask. The results of data analysis using the Wilxocon test showed that there were differences in oxygen saturation (p-value = 0.000), hemodynamic status such as respiratory frequency (p-value = 0.000), systolic blood pressure (p-value = 0.012) and pulse frequency (p- value = 0.000), as well as the physical performance of nurses (p-value = 0.000) before and after using the N95 mask. The results of this research can contribute to standardizing the use of PPE and preventing complications due to changes in oxygen saturation and hemodynamic status so that nurses physical performance improves.
References
Beder, A., Büyükkoçak, Ü., Sabuncuoǧlu, H., Keskil, Z. A., & Keskil, S. (2008). Preliminary report on surgical mask induced deoxygenation during major surgery. Neurocirugia, 19(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-1473(08)70235-5
Chen, S. C., Lai, Y. H., & Tsay, S. L. (2020). Nursing Perspectives on the Impacts of COVID-19. The Journal of Nursing Research : JNR, 28(3), e85. https://doi.org/10.1097/NRJ.0000000000000389
Crapo, R. O., Jensen, R. L., Hegewald, M., & Tashkin, D. P. (1999). Arterial blood gas reference values for sea level and an altitude of 1,400 meters. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 160(5 I), 1525–1531. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9806006
Doremalen, N. van, Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., & Williamson, B. N. (2020). Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine, 0–3.
Farguharson, C., & Baguley, K. (2003). Responding to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak: Lessons learned in a Toronto emergency department. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 29(3), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1067/men.2003.109
Ganong, W. (2003). REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY - 21st Ed . Front Matter.
Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan Covid-19. (2020). Peta Sebaran | Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19.
Han, Y., & Yang, H. (2020). The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19): A Chinese perspective. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 639–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25749
Johnson, A. T. (2007). BIOMECHANICS and EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Quantitative Modeling Johnson/Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology: Quantitative Modeling DK5813_C000 Final Proof page i 29.1.2007 12:11pm.
Johnson, A. T. (2016). Respirator masks protect health but impact performance: A review. Journal of Biological Engineering, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-016-0025-4
Johnson, A. T., Scott, W. H., Coyne, K. M., Sahota, M. S., Benjamin, M. B., Rhea, P. L., Martel, G. F., & Dooly, C. R. (1997). Sweat rate inside a full-facepiece respirator. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 58(12), 881–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/15428119791012225
Koh, F. C., Johnson, A. T., Scott, W. H., Phelps, S. J., Francis, E. B., & Cattungal, S. (2006). The correlation between personality type and performance time while wearing a respirator. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 3(6), 317–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620600691264
Kumar, P., Nath, K., Prasad, A., Tiwari, L. K., Chowdhry, B. K., Sinha, A. K., & Chaudhary, N. (2023). Effects of the Use of N95 Masks on the Vital Signs of Healthy Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40622
Kurniawan, T. (2021). PENGARUH N95 FILTER FACEPIECE RESPIRATOR (FFR) TERHADAP SATURASI OKSIGEN PERAWAT INSTALASI BEDAH SENTRAL RUMAH SAKIT DAERAH dr. SOEBANDI JEMBER. Repository Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember, 140(1), 6.
Lee, H. P., & Wang, D. Y. (2011). Objective assessment of increase in breathing resistance of N95 respirators on human subjects. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 55(8), 917–921. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mer065
Li, Y., Tokura, H., Guo, Y. P., Wong, A. S. W., Wong, T., Chung, J., & Newton, E. (2005). Effects of wearing N95 and surgical facemasks on heart rate, thermal stress and subjective sensations. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 78(6), 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-004-0584-4
Li, Y., Wong, T., Chung, J., Guo, Y. P., Hy, J. Y., Guan, Y. T., Yao, L., Song, Q. W., & Newton, E. (2006). In vivo protective performance of N95 respirator and surgical facemask. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 49(12), 1056–1065. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20395
Lim, E. C. H., Seet, R. C. S., Lee, K. H., Wilder-Smith, E. P. V., Chuah, B. Y. S., & Ong, B. K. C. (2006). Headaches and the N95 face-mask amongst healthcare providers. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 113(3), 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00560.x
Loeb, M., Dafoe, N., Mahony, J., John, M., Sarabia, A., Glavin, V., Webby, R., Smieja, M., Earn, D. J. D., Chong, S., Webb, A., & Walter, S. D. (2009). Surgical mask vs N95 respirator for preventing influenza among health care workers: A randomized trial. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(17), 1865–1871. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1466
Mediawati, A. S., Susanto, R., & Nurahmah, E. (2020). The routes of Covid-19 transmission: A literature review. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(6), 722–724. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.06.126
Ng, K., Poon, B. H., Kiat Puar, T. H., Shan Quah, J. L., Loh, W. J., Wong, Y. J., Tan, T. Y., & Raghuram, J. (2020). COVID-19 and the Risk to Health Care Workers: A Case Report. Annals of Internal Medicine, 172(11), 766–767. https://doi.org/10.7326/L20-0175
Polit, Denise ; Beck, C. T. (2010). Essentials of Nursing Research Appraising Evindence for Nursing Practice (Vol. 53, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Roberge, R. J., Bayer, E., Powell, J. B., Coca, A., Roberge, M. R., & Benson, S. M. (2010). Effect of exhaled moisture on breathing resistance of N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 54(6), 671–677. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meq042
Susilo, A., Rumende, C. M., Pitoyo, C. W., Santoso, W. D., Yulianti, M., Herikurniawan, H., Sinto, R., Singh, G., Nainggolan, L., Nelwan, E. J., Chen, L. K., Widhani, A., Wijaya, E., Wicaksana, B., Maksum, M., Annisa, F., Jasirwan, C. O. M., & Yunihastuti, E. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 7(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v7i1.415
Vold, M. L., Aasebø, U., Wilsgaard, T., & Melbye, H. (2015). Low oxygen saturation and mortality in an adult cohort: The Tromsø study. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-015-0003-5
White, M. K., Hodous, T. K., & Vercruyssen, M. (1991). Effects of thermal environment and chemical protective clothing on work tolerance, physiological responses, and subjective ratings. Ergonomics, 34(4), 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139108967328
Wulandari, S. M., Rohmah, U. N., Rahmawati, A., & Pertiwi, H. (2022). Efek Samping Penggunaan Masker N95 Terhadap Saturasi Oksigen, Frekuensi Napas dan Frekuensi Nadi Petugas Kesehatan. Jurnal Keperawatan, 14, 923–930.
Zhu, Jian Hua Zhu, Lee, Shu Jin, Wang, De Yun, Lee, H. (2014). Effects of Long-Duration Wearing of N95 Respirator and Surgical Facemask: A Pilot Study. Journal of Lung, Pulmonary & Respiratory Research, 1(4), 97–100. https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2014.01.00021
Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
