Validity and Reliability of the Indonesian Version of General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) with Disasters

Herlin Lidya; Uki Noviana; Haryani Haryani; Syahirul Alim; Sri Setiyarini

doi:10.37287/jlh.v5i2.3762

Herlin Lidya Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Panti Rapih & Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Uki Noviana Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Haryani Haryani Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Syahirul Alim Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Sri Setiyarini Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37287/jlh.v5i2.3762

Keywords: disaster preparedness, general self-efficacy scale, self-efficacy, validity and reliability

Abstract

Disasters preparedness behavior is influenced by self-efficacy. Self-efficacy affects the resilience and ability of communities in adapting to changes in disaster conditions. In Indonesia there are no instruments for measuring self-efficacy in the context of disasters. Objective: This study aimed to adapt the Indonesian version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale into the context of disasters and test its validity and reliability. The Indonesian version of General Self-Efficacy Scale was adapted culturally then modified into the disaster context and adapted to the research target culture and also tests of the content validity and the construct validity were conducted on 100 residents. The analysis used Pearson product-moment, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability testing used internal consistency analysis (Cronbach’s alpha). The Indonesian version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale was in accordance with the context of the disaster and the target culture of the study. Pearson correlation values range from 0.528 to 0.707. The EFA results were formed of 2 factors. Confirmatory factor analysis with 2 factors showed a fit model (p-value = 0.032, SRMR = 0.078, CFI = 0.91). The CFA results with 1 factor showed a fit and very good model (p-value = 0.135, RMSEA = 0.058, SRMR = 0.060, CFI = 0.977). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient has a value of 0.847. The Indonesian version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale in the context of disaster with a 2-factor model and a 1-factor model shows acceptable validity and reliability for measuring self-efficacy in the face of disasters.

References

Adams, R. M., Eisenman, D. P., & Glik, D. (2019). Community Advantage and Individual Self-efficacy Promote Disaster Preparedness: A Multilevel Model Among Persons with Disabilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152779

Adamson, K. A., & Prion, S. (2013). Reliability: Measuring Internal Consistency Using Cronbach’s α. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 9(5), e179–e180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2012.12.001

Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical Values for Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio: Revisiting The Original Methods of Calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808

Bandura, A. (2006). Guide For Constructing Self-Efficacy Scales, 307–337.

Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. SPINE, 25(24), 3186–3191.

Below R. ; Wallemacq P. (2018). Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2017. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa1803972

BNPB. (2016). Risiko Bencana Indonesia (Disasters Risk of Indonesia). Buku Terbit, 218 pp.

Chee, J. D., & Queen, T. (2013). Pearson ’ s Product-Moment Correlation : Sample Analysis.

Chen, G., Gully, S., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a New General Self Efficacy Scale. SAGE, (May 2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810141004

Crandall, A., Rahim, H. F. A., & Yount, K. M. (2015). Validation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale Among Qatari Young Women. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 21(12), 891–896.

De Las Cuevas, C., & Peñate, W. (2015). Validation of The General Self-Efficacy Scale in Psychiatric Outpatient Care. Psicothema, 27(4), 410–415. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2015.56

Dewanti, D. S., Ayuwat, D., & Yongvanit, S. (2019). Household Disaster Management Capacities in Disaster Prone II Area of Mt. Slamet. Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.649

Efendi, M. M., & Purnomo, J. D. T. (2012). Analisis Faktor Konfirmatori untuk Mengetahui Kesadaran Berlalu Lintas Pengendara Sepeda Motor di Surabaya Timur. Fakultas Matematika Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), 1(1), D106–D111.

Erdogan, M., Ok, A., & Marcinkowski, T. J. (2012). Development and Validation of Children’s Responsible Environmental Behavior Scale. Environmental Education Research, 18(4), 507–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2011.627421

Foronda, C., Liu, S., & Bauman, E. B. (2013). Evaluation of Simulation in Undergraduate Nurse Education: An Integrative Review. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 9(10), e409–e416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2012.11.003

Gable, R. K. (2018). Instrument Develoment in The Affective Domain. (Madaus & Stufflebeam, Ed.). New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7259-0

Garson, G. D. (2013). Validity and Reliability. New York: David Garson and Statistical Associates Publishing.

Hair Jr, Black William, Babin, A. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson New International Edition (Seventh Ed). Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited.

Hajjar, S. T. EL. (2018). Statictical Analysis: Internal-Consistency Reliability and Construct Validity. International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, 6(1), 27–38.

Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(3), 66–67. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102129

Hosseini, S. A., Heydari, R., & Hayati, A. (2013). The Analysis of Factors Affecting People’s Preparedness in Dealing with Natural Disasters in 2013 in Rasht-Iran. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(10), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v3-i10/279

Hu L., & Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling.

Ioane, B. R. (2017). Cultural Adaptation of Research Instruments – The Case of Materialism Scales Culturally Adapted for Use in China. Asian Business Research, 2(2), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.20849/abr.v2i2.148

Klassen, R. M. (2004). Optimism and Realism: A Review of Self-efficacy from A Cross-Cultural Perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 39(3), 205–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590344000330

Löve, J., Moore, C. D., & Hensing, G. (2012). Validation of the Swedish Translation of The General Self-efficacy Scale. Quality of Life Research, 21(7), 1249–1253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0030-5

Luszczynska, A., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). General Self-efficacy in Various Domains of Human Functioning: Evidence from Five Countries. International Journal of Psychology, 40(2), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590444000041

Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural Validation Studies. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 139(5), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457

Lynn, M. (1986). Determination and Quantification of Content Validity. In Nursing Research (Vol. 35 No, pp. 382–386). Tucson.

Maat, S. M., Adnan, M., Abdullah, M. F. N. L., Ahmad, C. N. C., & Puteh, M. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Learning Environment Instrument among High Performance School Students. Creative Education, 06(06), 640–646. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2015.66063

Madrigano, J., Chandra, A., Costigan, T., & Acosta, J. D. (2017). Beyond Disaster Preparedness: Building a Resilience-Oriented Workforce for The Future. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121563

Mukaka, M. M. (2012). Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate Use of Correlation Coefficient in Medical Research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24(3), 69–71.

Nies, Mary A & McEwen, M. (2019). Community/ Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Health of Populations (Seventh Ed). Missouri: Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)60809-0

Novrianto, R., Marettih, A. K. E., & Wahyudi, H. (2019). Validitas Konstruk Instrumen General Self Efficacy Scale Versi Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 15(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v15i1.6943

Pender, Nola J, Carolyn Murdaugh, M. A. P. (2014). Health Promotion in Nursing Practice (Seven Edit). Hudson Street, New York: Pearson.

Polit, Denise F, C. T. (2012). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods (Sevent Edi). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Ramada-Rodilla, eclos-Clanchet Serra-pujadas, C. (2020). Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Health Questionnaires: Review and Methodological Recommendations. Public Health of Mexico, 1–13.

Said, H., Badru, B. B., & Shahid, M. (2011). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for Testing Validity and Reliability Instrument in The Study of Education. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(12), 1098–1103.

Scholz, U., Doña, B. G., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is General Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct ? Psychometric Findings from 25 Countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(3), 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.18.3.242

Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). General Self-Efficacy Scale. Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs, pp.35-37.

Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-efficacy Scale. Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs, 35–37.

Schwarzer, Ralf, & Jerusalem, M. (2013). General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE): Measurement instrumen database for the social science. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.13072/midss.488

Shelton, S. H. (1990). Developing the Construct of General Self-Efficacy. Psycological Report, 987–994.

Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2

Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd

Teo, T., & Kam, C. (2014). A Measurement Invariance Analysis of the General Self-Efficacy Scale on Two Different Cultures. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Vol. 32(8), 762– 767. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282914531707

Ugulu, I. (2013). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Testing Validity and Reliability of Traditional Knowledge Scale to Measure University Students’ Attitudes. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(16), 1399–1408. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2013.1537

Wurjatmiko, A. T., Zuhriyah, L., & Fathoni, M. (2019). Relationship Between Personal Self-Efficacy and Flood Disaster Preparedness of Indonesian Nurses. Public Health of Indonesia, 4(1), 25–30.

Yildirim, F. (2014). The Validity and Reliability of the General Self-E ffi cacy Scale- Turkish Form. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, (July).

Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6.