Efektivitas Vaksin Covid-19 dalam Kinerjanya untuk Memodulasi Imunitas Tubuh Melawan Infeksi SARS-COV-2

Andika Ridwan Nugraha Harahap

doi:10.37287/ijnhs.v3i1.906

Andika Ridwan Nugraha Harahap Program Studi Profesi Dokter, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Lampung

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37287/ijnhs.v3i1.906

Keywords: antibody, COVID-19, efektivitas, SARS-CoV-2, vaksin

Abstract

Vaksin adalah komponen penting untuk mengendalikan pandemi Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Namun, munculnya varian Severe Acure Respiratory Sindrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dapat semakin mengancam efektifitas vaksin yang saat ini tengah dikembangkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan pemaparan terkini tentang karakteristik, efek samping, kemanjuran, efektivitas dan dampak dari varian yang menjadi perhatian untuk vaksin COVID-19. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah literature review dengan menelusuri jurnal yang sesuai kata kunci dalam rentang waktu 2012-2021. Referensi untuk tinjauan ini diidentifikasi melalui pencarian PubMed, Google Scholar, BioRxiv, MedRxiv, badan pengawas obat, dan situs web perusahaan farmasi. Secara keseluruhan, semua vaksin COVID-19 memiliki kemanjuran tinggi terhadap strain asli dan varian perhatian, dan ditoleransi dengan baik. BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 dan Sputnik V setelah dua dosis memiliki kemanjuran yang tertinggi (>90%) dalam mencegah kasus simtomatik dalam uji coba fase III. Vaksin mRNA, AZD1222, dan CoronaVac efektif dalam mencegah gejala COVID-19 dan infeksi parah terhadap varian Alpha, Beta, Gamma atau Delta. Semua vaksin tampaknya merupakan alat yang aman dan efektif untuk mencegah COVID-19 yang parah, rawat inap, dan kematian terhadap semua varian yang menjadi perhatian, tetapi kualitas bukti sangat bervariasi tergantung pada vaksin yang dipertimbangkan. Manfaat vaksinasi COVID-19 lebih besar daripada risikonya, meskipun ada efek samping serius yang jarang terjadi.

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