The Association of Non-Conformance Toward Unsafe ACTS and Condition in Mills PT XYZ: The Correlational Study

  • Muhammad Isranul Hakim Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Perie Anugraha Wiguna Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Elen Sahan Wijaya Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Robi Kurnia Universitas Gadjah Mada
Keywords: non-conformance, unsafe ACTS, unsafe condition

Abstract

The issue of workplace safety is a critical concern globally, particularly in high-risk industries such as manufacturing and milling. Using quantitative methods. This study aims to investigate the relationship between non-compliance with safety protocols and the prevalence of unsafe acts and conditions across 37 mills at PT XYZ, which includes 14 paper buyer mills, 13 paper pulp mills, and 10 paper tissue mills. We collected data in May from secondary sources such as safety records and incident reports and then used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for analysis. We performed normality tests prior to conducting correlation analyses to ensure the appropriateness of the applied statistical methods. The study of Mill PT XYZ (N=37) found weak negative correlations between non-conformance and unsafe conditions (-0.292, p=0.80) and unsafe acts (0.140, p=0.410). This means that non-conformance does not have a big effect on unsafe behaviors. In the Paper Buyer Mills (N=14), correlations are weakly positive for unsafe conditions (0.127, p=0.666) and weakly negative for unsafe acts (-0.402, p=0.154), both lacking significance. For the Paper Pulp Mills (N=13), weak negative correlations of -0.366 (p=0.219) and -0.455 (p=0.118) also show no significance. The Paper Tissue Mills (N=10) have a moderately negative correlation of -0.599 (p=0.067), which points to a possible link between higher non-conformance and unsafe conditions. However, the correlation with unsafe acts (0.238, p=0.508) is still weak, which makes it challenging to draw firm conclusions.

References

Ariwati, V. D., Susanto, A., Salmah, U., Arif, M., Frianto, A., Iskandar, B., Rosyidah, Ilmidin, N., Oktavianisya, N., Listyandini, R., Lestari, P. W., Budidharmanto, L. P., Paembonan, A. L., Wahyudi, B. E., & Lubis, F. H. (2024). Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja. Malang: Future Science Publisher.

Baldissone, G., Comberti, L., Bosca, S., & Murè, S. (2018). The analysis and management of unsafe acts and unsafe conditions. Data collection and analysis. Safety Science, 119, 240–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.10.006

Basri, S., & Pirmah, N. A. (2023). Unsafe actions and unsafe conditions in cement production workers: A Cross Sectional Study. Community Research of Epidemiology (CORE), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.24252/corejournal.vi.38138

Beus, J. M., McCord, M. A., & Zohar, D. (2016). Workplace safety: A review and research synthesis. Organizational Psychology Review, 6(4), 381-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386616641860

Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. F. (2018). Generalized Unsafety Theory of Stress: Unsafe Environments and Conditions, and the Default Stress Response. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030464

Cheng, T. C., Caponecchia, C., & O’Neill, S. (2022). Workplace safety and future and emerging ways of work: A systematic literature review. Safety Science, 155, 105873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105873

Curcuruto, M., Renecle, M., Gracia, F., Morgan, J. I., & Tomas, I. (2023). Improving workplace safety through mindful organizing: participative safety self-efficacy as a mediational link between collective mindfulness and employees’ safety citizenship. Journal of Risk Research, 27(1), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2023.2293043

Es’haghi, M., Nikravesh, A., Fereydoni, M., & Shabani, N. (2020). Understanding factors influencing workers’ unsafe behaviors through social network analysis in the mining industry. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 28(2), 863–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2020.1834992

Id, O., Zemlin, A.E., Kk, K., & Erasmus, R.T. (2013). The Impact of Non-Conformances on Patient Care at A Pathology Tertiary Care Laboratory in South Africa. Medical technology SA, 27, 29-32. https://doi.org/10.4102/mtsa.v27i1.77

International Labor Organization (ILO). (2023). Nearly 3 million people die of work-related accidents and diseases. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/nearly-3-million-people-die-work-related-accidents-and-diseases

Irawati, I. (2020). Hubungan Unsafe Condition dan Unsafe Action dengan Kecelakaan Kerja (Kemasukan Gram pada Mata) Pekerja Pengelasan. Jurnal Kesehatan, 9(2), 1167–1172. https://doi.org/10.38165/jk.v9i2.83

Irkas, A. U. D., Fitri, A. M., Purbasari, A. a. D., & Pristya, T. Y. (2020). Hubungan Unsafe Action dan Unsafe Condition dengan Kecelakaan Kerja pada Pekerja Industri Mebel. Jurnal Kesehatan, 11(3), 363. https://doi.org/10.26630/jk.v11i3.2245

Irwansyah, M., & Widanarko, B. (2024). Analisis Hubungan antara Program Behavior Based Safety (BBS) dan Tingkat Kepatuhan Terhadap Perilaku Keselamatan Kerja Karyawan di Pt. X. Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika, 3(2), 2191-2207. https://www.ojs.cahayamandalika.com/index.php/jcm/article/view/2553

Jule, J. G. (2020). Workplace Safety: A Strategy for Enterprise Risk Management. Workplace Health & Safety, 68(8), 360–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079920916654

Larasatie, A., Fauziah, M., Dihartawan, D., Herdiansyah, D., & Ernyasih, E. (2022). Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Tindakan Tidak Aman (Unsafe Action) Pada Pekerja Produksi PT. X. Environmental Occupational Health and Safety Journal, 2(2), 133-146. https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/EOHSJ/article/view/12160

Leventhal, H., & Cameron, L. (1987). Behavioral theories and the problem of compliance. Patient Education and Counseling, 10(2), 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-3991(87)90093-0

Li, Z., Bao, X., Sheng, Y., & Xia, Y. (2021). Research on Unsafe Behavior of Construction Workers Under the Bidirectional Effect of Formal Rule Awareness and Conformity Mentality. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.794394

Listyandini, R., & Suwandi, T. (2019). Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Tindakan Tidak Aman pada Pekerja di Pabrik Pupuk Npk. Hearty, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.32832/hearty.v7i1.2299

Luo, T. (2020). Safety climate: Current status of the research and future prospects. Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, 1(2), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.09.001

Matos, M. L., & Cardoso, R. (2024). Evaluation of occupational exposure to flour dust and additives in a milling industry. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Safety, 8(3), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.24840/2184-0954_008.003_002080

Melati, D. A., Retnaningtyas, E., & Kholidah, D. (2024). Analisis tingkat pengetahuan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja (K3) mengenai lockout/tagout (LOTO) terhadap tindakan tidak aman (unsafe action) dalam lockout/tagout (LOTO) pekerja divisi manufactur dan divisi engineering pada PT. X Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Detector: Jurnal Inovasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan, 2(3), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.55606/detector.v2i3.4149

Meng, Q., Liu, W., Li, Z., & Hu, X. (2021). Influencing Factors, Mechanism and Prevention of Construction Workers’ Unsafe Behaviors: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052644

Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_157_18

Moso, M., & Olanrewaju, O. A. (2024). Review of Integrated Management Systems to Re-Engineer Existing Nonconformances Troubleshooting System. Safety, 10(3), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030058

Mubarokah, A., Ambarwati, R., Dedy, D., & Alimova, M. T. (2024). Unsafe Conditions Identification Using Social Networks in Power Plant Safety Reports. Matrik Jurnal Manajemen Teknik Informatika Dan Rekayasa Komputer, 23(2), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.30812/matrik.v23i2.3883

Mutegi, T. M., Joshua, P. M., & Kinyua, J. M. (2023). Workplace safety and employee productivity of manufacturing firms in Kenya. Cogent Business & Management, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2215569

O’Toole, M. (2002). The relationship between employees’ perceptions of safety and organizational culture. Journal of Safety Research, 33(2), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4375(02)00014-2

Putri, P. A. L., Wahyudiono, D. A., Dwiyanti, E., Rosydah, A. R., & Imaduddin, A. (2023). Overview of STOP Observation Program Implementation and Causes Analysis of Unsafe Actions and Unsafe Conditions at Steam Power Plant Companies in East Java. Media Gizi Kesmas, 12(1), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgk.v12i1.2023.104-111

Rahmawati, J., Suroto, S., & Setyaningsih, Y. (2022). Apakah Unsafe Action dan Unsafe Condition Berpengaruh terhadap Kecelakaan Nelayan? Jurnal Keperawatan, 14(1), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.32583/keperawatan.v14i1.146

Richards, E. P. (2009). Dangerous People, Unsafe Conditions. Journal of Legal Medicine, 30(1), 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01947640802694528

Roosmiati, R., Wijayanti, R., Nalahudin, M., & Annisa, A. F. N. (2024). Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Tindakan Tidak Aman (Unsafe Action) Pada Pekerja Di Pt. X Jakarta Tahun, Technomedia Journal, 2021, 9(2), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.33050/tmj.v9i2.2238

Ruddy, R. M., Chamberlain, J. M., Mahajan, P. V., Funai, T., O’Connell, K. J., Blumberg, S., Lichenstein, R., Gramse, H. L., & Shaw, K. N. (2015). Near misses and unsafe conditions reported in a Pediatric Emergency Research Network. BMJ Open, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007541

Thyer, B. A., Karen M. Sowers, & Catherine N. Dulmus. (2008). Comprehensive Handbook of Social Work and Social Welfare (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Wang, L., Cao, Q., Han, C., Song, J., & Qu, N. (2020). Group dynamics analysis and the correction of coal miners’ unsafe behaviors. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 76(4), 188–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2020.1795610

Wibowo, A., & Santoso, J. T. (2024). Kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja (K3). Semarang: Yayasan Prima Agus Teknik.

Winarni, E., Adi, W. M., Widilestari, C., Rosita, N. D., & Santoso, H. B. (2024). Studi Empiris Risiko Operasional Sistem Manajemen K3 Terhadap Tindakan Tidak Aman (Unsafe Action) pada Industri Maritim. Saintara Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Maritim, 8(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.52475/saintara.v8i1.277

Xie, X., Hu, J., Fu, G., Shu, X., Wu, Y., Huang, L., & Shen, S. (2023). Investigation of Unsafe Acts Influence Law Based on System Dynamics Simulation: Thoughts on Behavior Mechanism and Safety Control. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064733

Yanti, C. A., & Akhri, I. J. (2022). Perbedaan Uji Korelasi Pearson, Spearman dan Kendall Tau dalam Menganalisis Kejadian Diare. Jurnal Endurance, 6(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.22216/jen.v6i1.137

Yogama, C. D., Djunaidi, Z., & Rahmawati, F. F. (2023). Implementasi Program Pelaporan Unsafe Action & Unsafe Condition Di Pt Xyz. PREPOTIF: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 6(1), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.31004/prepotif.v6i1.2933

Yuan, B., Xu, S., Niu, M., & Guo, K. (2022). Will Improved Safety Attitudes Necessarily Curb Unsafe Behavior? Hybrid Method Based on NCA and SEM. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2022(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9271690

Yue, Y., & Yanyan, L. (2018). Application Study of BBS on Unsafe Behavior and Psychology of Coal Miners. NeuroQuantology, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2018.16.4.1188

Yuliana, L., & Ardhyaksa, D. (2019). Analysis of Unsafe Action and Unsafe Condition based on Occupational Health and Safety Reporting Programs. Journal of Global Research in Public Health, 4(2), 78–86. https://www.jgrph.org/index.php/JGRPH/article/view/40.

Published
2025-04-01
How to Cite
Hakim, M. I., Wiguna, P. A., Wijaya, E. S., & Kurnia, R. (2025). The Association of Non-Conformance Toward Unsafe ACTS and Condition in Mills PT XYZ: The Correlational Study. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 7(2), 317-328. https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v7i2.5184