Hubungan antara Infeksi Virus HSV-1 dan Penyakit Alzheimer: Tinjauan Patogenesis
Abstract
Penyakit Alzheimer (AD) adalah gangguan neurodegeneratif yang berkembang secara progresif dan mengarah pada gangguan kognitif serta memori. Penyebab pasti dari penyakit ini masih belum sepenuhnya dipahami, meskipun faktor genetik dan lingkungan diduga memainkan peran penting. Salah satu hipotesis yang menarik adalah adanya hubungan antara infeksi virus Herpes Simplex Virus tipe 1 (HSV-1) dengan perkembangan AD. Tujuan: Tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi dan menganalisis peran HSV-1 dalam patogenesis penyakit Alzheimer, dengan fokus pada mekanisme yang melibatkan plak amyloid-β, peradangan neurogenik, dan stres oksidatif yang dapat merusak jaringan otak. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan meninjau literatur yang relevan terkait infeksi HSV-1, patogenesis AD, dan bukti-bukti dari studi epidemiologi serta eksperimen. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi jalur molekuler yang dapat menghubungkan infeksi HSV-1 dengan kerusakan saraf yang terjadi pada AD. Dimana penulis menggunakan 3 database diantaranya Pubmed didapatkan 18 dari 110 artikel, Google Schoolar didapatkan 8 dari 21 artikel, dan ScienceDirect didapatkan 1 dari 6 artikel dengan filter 10 tahun terakhir (2015-2025) dengan kata kunci "Alzheimer", "HSV-1", "Patogenesis", "Infeksi Virus". Hasil: Studi yang tersedia menunjukkan bahwa infeksi HSV-1 dapat berkontribusi pada akumulasi amyloid-β di otak, yang merupakan salah satu ciri khas dari AD. Selain itu, virus ini dapat memicu peradangan kronis dan stres oksidatif yang memperburuk kondisi neurologis pada individu yang rentan, khususnya mereka yang membawa alel ε4 dari gen apolipoprotein E (APOE). Kesimpulan: Meskipun hubungan antara infeksi HSV-1 dan penyakit Alzheimer masih membutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut, bukti yang ada mendukung hipotesis bahwa infeksi virus ini dapat berperan dalam mempercepat atau memodifikasi perkembangan penyakit Alzheimer, terutama pada individu yang memiliki faktor risiko genetik tertentu. Penemuan ini membuka peluang untuk pengembangan terapi yang berfokus pada pencegahan infeksi HSV-1 sebagai strategi untuk mengurangi risiko Alzheimer.
References
ADALI, A., Yirün, A., Koçer-Gümüşel, B., & Erkekoğlu, P. (2020). The Possible Effects Of Biological Agents On The Development Of Alzheimer’s Disease. Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi, 167–187. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.523804
Agostini, S., Mancuso, R., Baglio, F., & Clerici, M. (2017). A protective role for herpes simplex virus type-1-specific humoral immunity in Alzheimer’s Disease. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 15(2), 89–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2017.1264271
Albaret, M. A., Textoris, J., Dalzon, B., Lambert, J., Linard, M., Helmer, C., Hacot, S., Ghayad, S. E., Ferréol, M., Mertani, H. C., & Diaz, J.-J. (2023a). HSV-1 cellular model reveals links between aggresome formation and early step of Alzheimer’s disease. Translational Psychiatry, 13(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02376-8
Albaret, M. A., Textoris, J., Dalzon, B., Lambert, J., Linard, M., Helmer, C., Hacot, S., Ghayad, S. E., Ferréol, M., Mertani, H. C., & Diaz, J.-J. (2023b). HSV-1 cellular model reveals links between aggresome formation and early step of Alzheimer’s disease. Translational Psychiatry, 13(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02376-8
Ashraf, G. M., Tarasov, V. V., Makhmutovа, A., Chubarev, V. N., Avila-Rodriguez, M., Bachurin, S. O., & Aliev, G. (2019). The Possibility of an Infectious Etiology of Alzheimer Disease. Molecular Neurobiology, 56(6), 4479–4491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1388-y
Bradshaw, A. C., & Georges, J. (2024). Anti-Amyloid Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease: An Alzheimer Europe Position Paper and Call to Action. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, 11(2), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2024.37
Chui, H. C., Teng, E. L., Henderson, V. W., & Moy, A. C. (1985). Clinical subtypes of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology, 35(11), 1544–1544. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.35.11.1544
Goldhardt, O., Freiberger, R., Dreyer, T., Willner, L., Yakushev, I., Ortner, M., Förstl, H., Diehl‐Schmid, J., Milz, E., Priller, J., Ramirez, A., Magdolen, V., Thaler, M., & Grimmer, T. (2023). Herpes simplex virus alters Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers ‐ A hypothesis paper. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 19(5), 2117–2134. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12834
Jack, C. R., Andrews, J. S., Beach, T. G., Buracchio, T., Dunn, B., Graf, A., Hansson, O., Ho, C., Jagust, W., McDade, E., Molinuevo, J. L., Okonkwo, O. C., Pani, L., Rafii, M. S., Scheltens, P., Siemers, E., Snyder, H. M., Sperling, R., Teunissen, C. E., & Carrillo, M. C. (2024). Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s Association Workgroup. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 20(8), 5143–5169. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13859
Laval, K., & Enquist, L. W. (2021). The Potential Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Frontiers in Neurology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.658695
Mielcarska, M. B., Skowrońska, K., Wyżewski, Z., & Toka, F. N. (2021). Disrupting Neurons and Glial Cells Oneness in the Brain—The Possible Causal Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) in Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(1), 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010242
Neugroschl, J., & Wang, S. (2011). Alzheimer’s Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment Across the Spectrum of Disease Severity. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine, 78(4), 596–612. https://doi.org/10.1002/msj.20279
Piacentini, R., De Chiara, G., Li Puma, D. D., Ripoli, C., Marcocci, M. E., Garaci, E., Palamara, A. T., & Grassi, C. (2014). HSV-1 and Alzheimerâ€TMs disease: more than a hypothesis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00097
Pinchera, B., Di Filippo, I., Cuccurullo, F., Salvatore, E., & Gentile, I. (2024). Alzheimer’s disease and herpes viruses: Current events and perspectives. Reviews in Medical Virology, 34(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2550
Polansky, H., & Goral, B. (2021). How an increase in the copy number of HSV-1 during latency can cause Alzheimer’s disease: the viral and cellular dynamics according to the microcompetition model. Journal of NeuroVirology, 27(6), 895–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-021-01012-9
Protto, V., Marcocci, M. E., Miteva, M. T., Piacentini, R., Li Puma, D. D., Grassi, C., Palamara, A. T., & De Chiara, G. (2022a). Role of HSV-1 in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis: A challenge for novel preventive/therapeutic strategies. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 63, 102200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2022.102200
Protto, V., Marcocci, M. E., Miteva, M. T., Piacentini, R., Li Puma, D. D., Grassi, C., Palamara, A. T., & De Chiara, G. (2022b). Role of HSV-1 in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis: A challenge for novel preventive/therapeutic strategies. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 63, 102200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2022.102200
Rostagno, A. A. (2022). Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010107
Scheltens, P., De Strooper, B., Kivipelto, M., Holstege, H., Chételat, G., Teunissen, C. E., Cummings, J., & van der Flier, W. M. (2021). Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet, 397(10284), 1577–1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32205-4
Seaks, C. E., & Wilcock, D. M. (2020). Infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer disease. PLOS Pathogens, 16(11), e1008596. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008596
Shen, Y., Timsina, J., Heo, G., Beric, A., Ali, M., Wang, C., Yang, C., Wang, Y., Western, D., Liu, M., Gorijala, P., Budde, J., Do, A., Liu, H., Gordon, B., Llibre-Guerra, J. J., Joseph-Mathurin, N., Perrin, R. J., Maschi, D., … Cruchaga, C. (2024). CSF proteomics identifies early changes in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Cell, 187(22), 6309-6326.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.08.049
Tettevi, E. J., Maina, M., Simpong, D. L., Osei-Atweneboana, M. Y., & Ocloo, A. (2022). A Review of African Medicinal Plants and Functional Foods for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease-related Phenotypes, Treatment of HSV-1 Infection and/or Improvement of Gut Microbiota. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 27. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X221114657
Xie, J., Van Hoecke, L., & Vandenbroucke, R. E. (2022). The Impact of Systemic Inflammation on Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology. Frontiers in Immunology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.796867
Zhu, S., & Viejo-Borbolla, A. (2021). Pathogenesis and virulence of herpes simplex virus. Virulence, 12(1), 2670–2702. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1982373
![88+ Daftar Jurnal Sinta 5 Gratis Yang Terbit Bulan Ini? [Update 2022]](https://stiqwalisongo.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/sinta-5.jpg){kind=small}
